ABSTRACT:The research work examined the constituents of formation water and fresh water dilution effects from a land location in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Some selected physicochemical and microbiological analyses were determined at ambient temperature (82 o F) and formation temperature (185 o F). Analysis of the mixture of the formation water and fresh water were carried out at various ratios of (90/10 and 50/50) % respectively. Test results indicated that dilution effect of the fresh water on the formation sample resulted in reduction in concentrations of most of the parameters both at the ambient and formation temperatures. However, some physicochemical parameters like (pH, TDS and Electrical conductivity) showed higher concentration values at formation temperature than ambient temperature. While the pH values for the 90/10 ratio at both ambient and formation temperatures gave 4.80 and 6.35 respectively, the values for the 50/50 ratio at both ambient and formation temperatures were 5.26 and 7.94 respectively. The oil & grease values for 90/10 ratio at both ambient and formation temperature were 0.32(mg/l) and 0.2(mg/l) respectively. While the 50/50 ratio at both ambient and formation temperatures were 2.70(mg/l) and 0.6(mg/l) respectively. The iron concentration for the 90/10 and 50/50 ratios at both ambient and formation temperatures were 0.08, 0.08 (mg/l) and 0.09, 0.11 (mg/l) respectively. There was no incompatibility in terms of precipitation observed with the different mixtures at both temperatures. In order to safely dispose formation water in compliance with environmental regulations, dilution with uncontaminated fresh water is recommended. @ JASEM

ABSTRACT:Test was conducted to determine some physico-chemical and microbiological parameters from samples of sewage effluent collected from domestic, house-boat, and offshore facilities respectively at the discharge point to the recipient environment. Among the parameters determined included: Total chlorine, Biological Oxygen demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and faecal coliform. Test results indicated that the total chlorine had values which ranged from (<0.01-0.10)mg/l for the domestic facilities, the house-boat facilities values ranged from (0.01-0.12)mg/l. The values for the offshore facilities ranged from (<0.01-4.0mg/l). The BOD 5 values for the domestic facilities ranged from (<0.01-240) mg/l, the house -boat facilities ranged from (45.60-80.00)mg/l. The value of the offshore facilities was 20mg/l for all the three points tested. The result of the TSS indicated that for the domestic facilities, the values ranged from (75.0-115) mg/l, the house-boat facilities values ranged from (66-182) mg/l. and for the offshore facilities, results ranged from (60-265) mg/l. The DO results from the domestic facilities indicated a range of (0.18-5.92) mg/l. The result from the house -boats ranged from (2.0-2.90) mg/l, the offshore facilities results ranged from (3.21-5.32)mg/l. The faecal coliform for the domestic facilities had a value which ranged from (14-1600) cfu/100ml. the house-boat facilities values ranged from (180-290) cfu/100ml. The offshore facilities had values which ranged from (14-1600) cfu/100ml. Most of these results were higher than limits specified by the regulatory level (DPR) and an indication that the recipient environment was polluted and poses a great concern. In a place like Nigeria, where there are no sewerage treatment systems, it is indiscriminately disposed into rivers without treatment and such rivers serve as sources of drinking water. This water pollution is of great concern and has resulted to diseases such as typhoid and cholera. Therefore, proper treatment of sewage before discharging into the recipient environment is imperative. @ JASEM

Bentonite is highly colloidal clay, which hydrates in water and greatly increases viscosity. Among others, it is added to fresh water mud to increase hole cleaning capability, reduce filtration into permeable formation, form a thin filter cake of low permeability and promote hole stability. However, up till date in Nigeria, most of the bentonite in use in oil field operations had been imported. Attempts to use the local bentonite had yielded little or no result because of its low yield and inability to meet up with API specification. This work details an investigation of the constituents of the local Bentonite and a comparative performance evaluation with imported sample. Results of chemical analysis of both the imported and local bentonite indicated that the Nigerian Bentonite is predominantly Calcium based exchange cation while the imported sample is sodium based. This accounts for the high yield and faster hydration capabilities obtained with the imported sample than the local sample. Therefore, the local Bentonite needs to be beneficiated to API Specification before it could be used. The research work was able to achieve API standard of beneficiated local Bentonite that could be used as a suitable substitute in Nigeria for imported grade. This will no doubt provide a significant logistical improvement, home-base technological advancement, and substantial cost-savings and help meet up with local content aspirations.