Characterization of Fracture Permeability with High‐Resolution Vertical Flow Measurements During Borehole Pumping

Abstract

The distribution of fracture permeability in granitic rocks was investigated by measuring the distribution of vertical flow in boreholes during periods of steady pumping. Pumping tests were conducted at two sites chosen to provide examples of moderately fractured rocks near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire and intensely fractured rocks near Oracle, Arizona. A sensitive heat‐pulse flowmeter was used for accurate measurements of vertical flow as low as 0.2 liter per minute. Although boreholes were spaced at intervals ranging from 10 to 50 meters, acoustic televiewer logs showed little direct continuity of individual fractures from borehole to borehole in either the moderately fractured rocks or intensely fractured rocks. Results indicated that nearly all inflow and outflow to boreholes occurred by means of one or two discrete fractures in both cases. These fractures did not appear very different from other prominent fractures indicated on televiewer and resistivity logs for these boreholes. Hydraulic connections between boreholes apparently were composed of conduits formed by the most permeable portions of intersecting fractures. Most flow in the moderately fractured rocks occurred at isolated fractures at a depth of about 45 meters indicating a nearly horizontal zone of fracture permeability composed of orthogonal, steeply dipping fractures. Previous studies have identified a zone of horizontal permeability in the lower part of the boreholes in the intensely fractured rocks, but flowmeter tests indicated that flow also entered and exited individual boreholes by means of one or two steeply dipping fractures. These results indicate zones of fracture permeability in crystalline rocks are composed of irregular conduits that cannot be approximated by planar fractures of uniform aperture, and that the orientation of permeability zones may be unrelated to the orientation of individual fractures within those zones.

Thermal-plume fibre optic tracking (T-POT) test for flow velocity measurement in groundwater boreholes

“…The dilution of the saline profile at inflow locations or increase in EC if using distilled water can be used to estimate horizontal flow through the aquifer using simple analytical solutions (Pitrak et al, 2007). If there is vertical flow in the well, a salinity front then migrates up or down the well.…”

“…Flow logs obtained under unstressed conditions give a qualitative guide to fracture inflow and outflow zones (Hess, 1986). Alternatively, flow logs obtained in a pumping well at multiple different pumping rates allow the depth variability of transmissivity to be estimated (Paillet et al, 1987). Flow logs in observation wells affected by nearby pumping enable the connectivity of fractures to be determined (Paillet, 1998;Klepikova et al, 2013).…”

Characterization of preferential flow paths between boreholes in fractured rock using a nanoscale zero-valent iron tracer test

“…These zones are often found to have fractures filled with silty clay, blocking the fracture flow. According to Paillet et al (1987), the indirect techniques for delineating a permeable zone based on the fracture density from the rock core and televiewer image may not be reliable.…”

In-situ coal seam and overburden permeability characterization combining downhole flow meter and temperature logs.

“…Using this instrument the vertical borehole flow is measured by collecting in-or outflow related data along the undisturbed borehole profile intersected by these zones. Heat pulse flow measurements have been used since the mid-eighties (Hess, 1986;Paillet et al, 1987). They are based on the travelling time of a heat pulse generated by a wire grid and transported by the moving bore fluid to thermistors placed above and below the grid.…”