Characterization of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains isolated from migratory waterfowl in Mongolia on the way back from the southern Asia to their northern territory

Avian influenza H5N1 viral and bird migration networks in Asia

“…Recently, HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2, the dominant subclade in Asia, was detected in migratory birds during their migration in Mongolia, South Korea, and Japan, and was shown to be associated with wild waterfowl infections (25)(26)(27). Furthermore, an isolate of HPAI H5N1 from a common buzzard (Buteo buteo) in Bulgaria showed close genetic proximity to clade 2.3.2.1 isolates from wild birds in the Tyva Republic and Mongolia, suggesting…”

Antibodies to Influenza A Virus in Wild Birds across Mongolia, 2006–2009

“…With the use of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation, nine low-pathogenic AI viruses were detected from 2,139 oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs from live and dead birds and fecal samples from single-species flocks collected at 43 locations across Mongolia from 2005 through 2008 (Spackman et al, 2009 (Sakoda et al, 2010). Because of seasonal variation in prevalence and the transitory nature of AI virus shedding, surveillance based on virus detection assays, such as RT-PCR and virus isolation, often require large sample sizes and repeated sampling to identify populations in which AI virus is circulating.…”

Surveillance and Isolation of HPAI H5N1 from Wild Mandarin Ducks (Aix galericulata)

“…DNA barcoding identified 12 H5N1-positive samples from Mandarin Ducks. The remaining two H5N1-positive samples were from Mallard Ducks or Spotbilled Ducks, which are not distinguishable by DNA barcoding (Lee et al, 2010a (Reid et al, 2010;Sakoda et al, 2010;Kang et al, 2011). Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA genes of the isolates were also classified into clade 2.3.2 and clustered with recent Mongolian isolates (Fig.…”