Characterization of Hawaiian<i>Cryptocarya</i>(Lauraceae): Recognition of a Critically Endangered Species and Relation to Non-Hawaiian Congeners

“…While this is the most updated published checklist of all Hawaiian vascular plant taxa, in a few cases further taxonomic updates were needed to follow the IUCN Red List taxonomy. Specifically, we included Cryptocarya mannii , Lysimachia ovoidea , and Melicope knudsenii as Kauai SIE species (Appelhans et al., 2014; Flynn & Watson, 2015; Morden et al., 2015). Cyanea salicina is considered a synonym of C. recta by local botanists; differentiation is questionable because the type specimen contains only vegetative characters.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extinction risk of the endemic vascular flora of Kauai, Hawaii, based on IUCN assessments

Rønsted

Walsh

Clark

et al. 2022

Conservation Biology

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The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List) is the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of species. Governmental agencies and conservation organizations increasingly rely on IUCN Red List assessments to develop conservation policies and priorities. Funding agencies use the assessments as evaluation criteria, and researchers use meta‐analysis of red‐list data to address fundamental and applied conservation science questions. However, the circa 143,000 IUCN assessments represent a fraction of the world's biodiversity and are biased in regional and organismal coverage. These biases may affect conservation priorities, funding, and uses of these data to understand global patterns. Isolated oceanic islands are characterized by high endemicity, but the unique biodiversity of many islands is experiencing high extinction rates. The archipelago of Hawaii has one of the highest levels of endemism of any floristic region; 90% of its 1367 native vascular plant taxa are classified as endemic. We used the IUCN's assessment of the complete single‐island endemic (SIE) vascular plant flora of Kauai, Hawaii, to assess the proportion and drivers of decline of threatened plants in an oceanic island setting. We compared the IUCN assessments with federal, state, and other local assessments of Kauai species or taxa of conservation concern. Finally, we conducted a preliminary assessment for all 1044 native vascular plants of Hawaii based on IUCN criterion B by estimating area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and number of locations to determine whether the pattern found for the SIE vascular flora of Kauai is comparable to the native vascular flora of the Hawaiian Islands. We compared our results with patterns observed for assessments of other floras. According to IUCN, 256 SIE vascular plant taxa are threatened with extinction and 5% are already extinct. This is the highest extinction risk reported for any flora to date. The preliminary assessment of the native vascular flora of Hawaii showed that 72% (753 taxa) is threatened. The flora of Hawaii may be one of the world's most threatened; thus, increased and novel conservation measures in the state and on other remote oceanic islands are urgently needed.

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“…It is likely that the mealybug is host-specific, like many gall-inducing insects, in which case it is highly endangered. Its host-plant species is on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and although on Kauai the host is relatively abundant in several populations in numerous locations, only this one mature tree is currently known on Oahu (Morden et al 2015). At least 10 trees on Kauai were checked recently (2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022) for galls (Dr Karl Magnacca, pers.…”

Section: Second-instar Female Nymphmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The host plant of the new species, Cryptocarya mannii, is a Hawaiian endemic that is restricted to the islands of Kauai and Oahu. This small to mid-sized tree was present on Oahu in forests in the Koolau Mountains and Waianae Mountains; but it is no longer found in the Koolau Mountains and there is only a single mature specimen remaining in the Waianae Mountains despite ongoing efforts to propagate and establish new plants at the last remaining site (Morden et al 2015). The population of Cryptocarya R.Br.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The endemic Hawaiian mealybug genus Phyllococcus Ehrhorn, 1916 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae): redescription of the type species and description of a new species on an endangered host plant, Cryptocarya mannii (Lauraceae)

PERCY,

WATSON,

HODGSON

2024

Zootaxa

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The endemic Hawaiian mealybug genus Phyllococcus Ehrhorn (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) was erected in 1916 as a monotypic genus for a gall-inducing mealybug collected on the island of Oahu on Urera sandwicensis (now referred to genus Touchardia) (Urticaceae) in 1911. The species induces deep horn-shaped galls on the leaves of the host plant. Here we redescribe the adult female and adult male of Ph. oahuensis (Ehrhorn) and designate a lectotype; and we report a new record for Ph. oahuensis from the island of Maui. Additionally, we describe the adult female and second- and third-instar female nymphs of a new gall-inducing Phyllococcus species, Ph. cryptocaryae Percy, Watson & Hodgson, sp. n., found in galls on the leaves of Cryptocarya mannii (Lauraceae) in the central Waianae Mountains on Oahu. Also found galling the same host plant, and often in close proximity on the same leaf, were immatures of the triozid psyllid, Paurotriozana adaptata Caldwell, 1940 (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae). Both the new mealybug and the triozid psyllid appear to be geographically restricted to the only remaining tree of C. mannii on Oahu and are therefore extremely vulnerable to extinction.

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Characterization of HawaiianCryptocarya(Lauraceae): Recognition of a Critically Endangered Species and Relation to Non-Hawaiian Congeners

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

Incongruence of morphological determinations and DNA barcode sequences: a case study in Cinnamomum (Lauraceae)

Incongruence of morphological determinations and DNA barcode sequences: a case study in Cinnamomum (Lauraceae)

Extinction risk of the endemic vascular flora of Kauai, Hawaii, based on IUCN assessments

The endemic Hawaiian mealybug genus Phyllococcus Ehrhorn, 1916 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae): redescription of the type species and description of a new species on an endangered host plant, Cryptocarya mannii (Lauraceae)

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