“…19 Several institutions are making progress toward integrated systems of heterogeneous platforms focusing on persistence in the maritime environment 20 (Braga et al, 2017;Schmidt Ocean Institute, 2018). Many experiments have demonstrated heterogenous networks of autonomous platforms working together (Schofield et al, 2010;Huet and Mastroddi, 2016;Centurioni et al, 2017;Lindstrom et al, 2017;Marques et al, 2018;Phillips et al, 2018;Testor et al, 2018). Military trials, as depicted in Figure 5, also demonstrated interoperable communications using a standard protocol for underwater digital acoustic communications (LePage et al, 2015), and adaptation of sensors and systems based on real-time environmental conditions (LePage, 2018).…”