Characterization of “
 Candidatus
 Piscichlamydia salmonis” (Order
 Chlamydiales
 ), a Chlamydia-Like Bacterium Associated With Epitheliocystis in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (
 Salmo salar
 )

Draghi, Andrew; Popov, Vsevolod L.; Kahl, Melissa M.; Stanton, James B.; Brown, Corrie C.; Tsongalis, Gregory J.; West, A. Brian; Frasca, Salvatore

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.11.5286-5297.2004

Cited by 129 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Procedures were adapted from previous researchers. 6,13,16 Serial sections were mounted unstained on saline-coated glass slides. Slides were heated to 70uC for 20 min to melt paraffin, and then washed in xylene for three 3-min washes.…”

Section: In Situ Hybridization Using Riboprobesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic Iridovirus Infection in the Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon Kauderni Koumans 1933)

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Iridoviruses infect food and ornamental fish species from a wide range of freshwater to marine habitats across the globe. The objective of the current study was to characterize an iridovirus causing systemic infection of wild-caught Pterapogon kauderni Koumans 1933 (Banggai cardinalfish). Freshly frozen and fixed specimens were processed for histopathologic evaluation, transmission electron microscopic examination, virus culture, molecular virologic testing, microbiology, and in situ hybridization (ISH) using riboprobes. Basophilic granular cytoplasmic inclusions were identified in cytomegalic cells often found beneath endothelium, and hexagonal virus particles typical of iridovirus were identified in the cytoplasm of enlarged cells by transmission electron microscopy. Attempts at virus isolation in cell culture were unsuccessful; however, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular testing resulted in amplification and sequencing of regions of the DNA polymerase and major capsid protein genes, along with the full-length ATPase gene of the putative iridovirus. Virus gene sequences were then used to infer phylogenetic relationships of the P. kauderni agent to other known systemic iridoviruses from fishes. Riboprobes, which were transcribed from a cloned PCR amplification product from the viral genome generated hybridization signals from inclusions within cytomegalic cells in histologic sections tested in ISH experiments. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a systemic iridovirus from P. kauderni. The pathologic changes induced and the genomic sequence data confirm placement of the Banggai cardinalfish iridovirus in the genus Megalocytivirus family Iridoviridae. The ISH provides an additional molecular diagnostic technique for confirmation of presumptive infections detected in histologic sections from infected fish.

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Section: In Situ Hybridization Using Riboprobesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic Iridovirus Infection in the Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon Kauderni Koumans 1933)

et al. 2009

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“…Thus, additional Parachlamydiaceae species, such as Neochlamydia sp., and a large variety of new 16S rRNA gene phylotypes have been detected in humans (15,17), cats (93), Australian marsupials (7,20), reptiles (6,90), and fishes (24), as well as in various environmental samples (16,18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Potential of Novel Chlamydiae and Diagnostic Approaches to Infections Due to These Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

Corsaro¹,

2006

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SUMMARY Novel chlamydiae are newly recognized members of the phylum Chlamydiales that are only distantly related to the classic Chlamydiaceae, i.e., Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species. They also exibit an obligate biphasic intracellular life cycle within eukaryote host cells. Some of these new chlamydiae are currently considered potential emerging human and/or animal pathogens. Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Simkania negevensis are both emerging respiratory human pathogens, Waddlia chondrophila could be a novel abortigenic bovine agent, and Piscichlamydia salmonis has recently been identified as an agent of the gill epitheliocystis in the Atlantic salmon. Fritschea spp. and Rhabdochlamydia spp. seem to be confined to arthropods, but some evidence for human exposure exists. In this review, we first summarize the data supporting a pathogenic potential of the novel chlamydiae for humans and other vertebrates and the interactions that most of these chlamydiae have with free-living amoebae. We then review the diagnostic approaches to infections potentially due to the novel chlamydiae, especially focusing on the currently available PCR-based protocols, mammalian cell culture, the amoebal coculture system, and serology.

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“…, Steinum et al 2008, Paranucleospora theridion (A. Nylund et al 2009a,b, S. Nylund et al 2009 'Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis' (Draghi et al 2004, 'Candidatus Clavochlamydia salmonicola' , Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (Kvellestad et al 2005), and salmon gill poxvirus (A. . These agents may all contribute to the gill pathology, hypertrophia, hyperplasia, inflammation and necrosis of gill tissues, but it is not known whether they are primary pathogens or secondary invaders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study is the first attempt to gain a more complete picture of the types and numbers of pathogens that can be involved in the development of diseases in Norwegian production of salmonids with a main focus on PGI, PD, HSMI and CMS. These diseases were selected due to the large discrepancies between the observed pathology and mortality in marine already recognised that several pathogens are associated with gill diseases (A. Nylund et al 1998, 2009a,b, Kvellestad et al 2003, Draghi et al 2004, Fridell et al 2004, Todal et al 2004, Callahan et al 2005, Young et al 2007, Steinum et al 2008, and it has also proven difficult to perform challenge experiments with most of these agents. The other 3 diseases, PD, HSMI and CMS, are all associated with the presence of viruses , 2006, Vågenes et al 1999, Nylund 2001, Kongtorp et al 2004a, Bruno & Noguera 2009, Fritsvold et al 2009, Palacios et al 2010, but it is difficult, in challenge experiments, to reproduce both the mortality and all the pathological changes observed during outbreaks in farms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diseases of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar associated with infections by the microsporidian Paranucleospora theridion

Nylund¹,

Andersen²,

Sævareid³

et al. 2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The microsporidian Paranucleospora theridion was discovered in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar suffering from proliferative gill disease in a marine farm in western Norway in 2008. The parasite develops in cells of the reticuloendothelial system, cells important for normal immune function. The aim of this study was to see if P. theridion could play a part in some of the diseases with unclear causes in salmon production in Norway, i.e. proliferative gill disease (PGI), pancreas disease (PD), heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) and cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS). P. theridion was present in all areas with salmon farming in Norway, but high prevalence and densities of the parasite in salmon and salmon lice were only seen in southern Norway. This region is also the main area for PGI and PD in Norway. Quantification of pathogens associated with PGI, PD, HSMI and CMS diagnoses showed that P. theridion levels are high in southern Norway, and may therefore play a role in susceptibility and disease development. However, among the different diagnoses, fish with PGI are particularly heavily infected with P. theridion. Therefore, P. theridion appears as a possible primary agent in cases with high mortality in connection with PGI in western Norway. KEY WORDS: Paranucleospora theridion · Atlantic salmon · Microsporidia · Proliferative gill disease · PGI · Pancreas disease · PD Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 94: [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] 2011 Clavochlamydia salmonicola , Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (Kvellestad et al. 2005), and salmon gill poxvirus . These agents may all contribute to the gill pathology, hypertrophia, hyperplasia, inflammation and necrosis of gill tissues, but it is not known whether they are primary pathogens or secondary invaders.It is well documented that 'pancreas disease' is associated with the presence of different strains of SAV (Nelson et al. 1995, McLoughlin et al. 1996, Villoing et al. 2000, Hodneland et al. 2005, Fringuelli et al. 2008). However, the observed disease and mortality in salmon and rainbow trout farms are different from what can be seen in challenge experiments using the different SAV strains . The explanations for this could be presence of different pathogens or other stress factors that may trigger the disease or be the primary cause of disease, reducing SAV to a secondary cause of the observed mortality in farms. Lack of comparable mortality and to a certain extent also pathology has also been observed when comparing challenge experiments using CMS and HSMI homogenates with the observed situation in salmon farms affected by these 2 diseases (Kongtorp et al. 2004a, Fritsvold et al. 2009. Hence, the trigger or primary causes for these diseases could be environmental factors or other pathogens.Paranucleospora theridion was first discovered in farmed Atlantic salmon suffering from gill disease in western Norway in (A. Nylund et al. 2009a,b, S. Nylund et al. 2009. Th...

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Characterization of “ Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis” (Order Chlamydiales ), a Chlamydia-Like Bacterium Associated With Epitheliocystis in Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar )

Cited by 129 publications

References 26 publications

Systemic Iridovirus Infection in the Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon Kauderni Koumans 1933)

Systemic Iridovirus Infection in the Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon Kauderni Koumans 1933)

Pathogenic Potential of Novel Chlamydiae and Diagnostic Approaches to Infections Due to These Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

Diseases of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar associated with infections by the microsporidian Paranucleospora theridion

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