Characterization of Ladle Furnace Slag from Carbon Steel Production as a Potential Adsorbent

Abstract

A promising type of steel slag for applications is the ladle furnace (LF) slag, which is also known as the basic slag, the reducing slag, the white slag, and the secondary refining slag. The LF slag is a byproduct from further refining molten steel after coming out of a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or an electric arc furnace (EAF). The use of the LF slag in further applications requires knowledge of its characteristics. The LF slag characterization in this paper has been performed using the following analytical methods: chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), mineralogical composition by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area properties by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods, surface chemistry by infrared absorption (FTIR) spectroscopy, and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the main compounds are calcium, silicon, magnesium, and aluminium oxides, and calcium silicates under their various allotropic forms are the major compounds in the LF slag. Surface area properties have shown that the LF slag is a mesoporous material with relatively great BET surface area. The ladle furnace slag is a nonhazardous industrial waste because the ecotoxicity evaluation by its eluate has shown that the LF slag does not contain constituents which might in any way affect the environment harmfully.

Industrial Ladle Furnace Slag Composition Analysis with Optical Emissions from the Arc

“…25) Saha-Boltzmann equation has been used to determine the electron density of the plasma. 25) When the correction term of ionization energy, which has insignificant effect to the electron density in the scope of this work, is neglected, the Saha-Boltzmann equation is ..... (2) in which C is 2(2π m e k) 3/2 /h 3 , m e is the mass of electron, I z is the intensity of emission line, and E ion is the ionization energy of the ground state. Fulfillment of the LTE condition has been evaluated with the McWhirter criterion 25,26) N T E cm e t u in which ΔE is the energy difference between energy levels in electron volts and T is the temperature in Kelvins.…”

“…1) The viscosity and inclusions are usually modified by additive materials, such as CaF 2 and CaO. The main components of the LF slags are the compounds of calcium, silicon, magnesium, and aluminum, 2) with varying amounts of sulphur, [3][4][5][6] manganese, 7,8) and other minor impurities. Also traces of chromium and iron might transfer from the steel into the slag.…”

Heavy metal recovery from electric arc furnace steel slag by using hydrochloric acid leaching

“…The more crystalline structured compound has its XRD peaks more easily to be identified [10]. The common mineral phases present in steel slag include two-and three-component compositions of the type CaO-SiO2, CaO-Fe2O3, CaO-MgO-SiO2, MgO-FeO-SiO2 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 [9,11], and the most highly represented minerals in slag are dicalcium and tricalcium silicates, while different aluminates and silicates are likely to appear as well [12]. The XRD analysis of unreacted EAFS is shown in Fig.…”

Overview of Steel Slag Application and Utilization

“…The more crystalline structured compound has its XRD peaks more easily to be identified [15]. The common mineral phases presents in steel slag include two-and three-component compositions of the type CaO-SiO2, CaO-Fe2O3, CaO-MgO-SiO2, MgO-FeO-SiO2 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 [14,16], and the most highly represented minerals in slag are dicalcium and tricalcium silicates, while different aluminates and silicates are likely to appear as well [17]. …”