Characterization of mechanically perturbed young stems: can it be used for wood quality screening?

Apiolaza, Luis A.; Butterfield, B. G.; Chauhan, Shakti; Walker, J. C. F.

doi:10.1007/s13595-011-0028-8

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Trees were grown for eight months, at which point they had reached a height of approximately 80 cm. Trees were grown upright, tilted by staking at 45°from the vertical, or rocked in a purpose-built frame for 15 min in every hour at a rate of 24 cycles/min, reaching 22°from the vertical; this rocking began after 2 months and continued for a further six months (Apiolaza et al 2011). In this way four different corewoods were produced: 'normal' corewood, opposite corewood, compression corewood, and flexure corewood.…”

Section: Wood Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wood formed in trees that do not have uneven maturation stresses is often referred to as normal wood for the purposes of comparing with wood formed under mechanical stress. Another type of wood, flexure wood, is produced by trees that are subjected to extensive mechanical flexing (e.g., by wind), allowing trees to assume a higher curvature without damage (Telewski and Jaffe 1986a, b;Telewski 1995;Cordero 1999;Pruyn et al 2000;Mickovski and Ennos 2003;Kern et al 2005;Apiolaza et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cellulose microfibril angles and cell-wall polymers in different wood types of Pinus radiata

et al. 2012

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Four corewood types were examined from sapling trees of two clones of Pinus radiata grown in a glasshouse. Trees were grown either straight to produce normal corewood, tilted at 45°from the vertical to produce opposite corewood and compression corewood, or rocked to produce flexure corewood. Mean cellulose microfibril angle of tracheid walls was estimated by X-ray diffraction and longitudinal swelling measured between an oven dry and moisture saturated state. Lignin and acetyl contents of the woods were measured and the monosaccharide compositions of the cell-wall polysaccharides determined. Finely milled wood was analysed using solution-state 2D NMR spectroscopy of gels from finely milled wood in DMSO-d 6 /pyridine-d 5 . Although there was no significant difference in cellulose microfibril angle among the corewood types, compression corewood had the highest longitudinal swelling. A lignin content[32 % and a galactosyl residue content[6 % clearly divided severe compression corewood from the other corewood types. Relationships could be drawn between lignin content and longitudinal swelling, and between galactosyl residue content and longitudinal swelling. The 2D NMR spectra showed that the presence of H-units in lignin was exclusive to compression corewood, which also had a higher (1 ? 4)-b-D-galactan content, defining a unique composition for that corewood type.

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Section: Wood Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose microfibril angles and cell-wall polymers in different wood types of Pinus radiata

et al. 2012

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“…Studies which have used acoustics to obtain stiffness measurements on juvenile trees include references. 12,44,143,144,160,177,213,[256][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267] Many of these have investigated the effect of stress such as tilting or drought. Investigations using acoustic velocity for more mature juvenile trees include references.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of stiffness of standing trees and felled logs using acoustics: A review

Legg

Bradley

2016

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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This paper provides a review on the use of acoustics to measure stiffness of standing trees, stems, and logs. An outline is given of the properties of wood and how these are related to stiffness and acoustic velocity throughout the tree. Factors are described that influence the speed of sound in wood, including the different types of acoustic waves which propagate in tree stems and lumber. Acoustic tools and techniques that have been used to measure the stiffness of wood are reviewed. The reasons for a systematic difference between direct and acoustic measurements of stiffness for standing trees, and methods for correction, are discussed. Other techniques, which have been used in addition to acoustics to try to improve stiffness measurements, are also briefly described. Also reviewed are studies which have used acoustic tools to investigate factors that influence the stiffness of trees. These factors include different silvicultural practices, geographic and environmental conditions, and genetics.

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“…During drought stress, cambium enters a semi-dormant state, which inhibits cell division and stem growth (Shepherd 1964). There were no significant differences in growth between leaned and straight young P. radiata plants (Apiolaza et al 2011a). Similarly, there was no significant difference in growth between staked and the unstaked plants ).…”

Section: Growth and Biomassmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…CW in vertical stems results from corrections to a previous leaning or from small, less obvious asymmetric loadings within the stem. Occurrence of 13-17% CW in rocked and straight plants has been reported (Apiolaza et al 2011a), apparently caused by the stem movement. Several studies have suggested that the formation of CW aids stems to remain straight, and can be prevalent even in straight trees (Warensjö and Rune 2004).…”

Section: Compression Wood (Cw)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of induced drought and tilting on biomass allocation, wood properties, compression wood formation and chemical composition of young Pinus radiata genotypes (clones)

Nanayakkara¹,

Lagane²,

Hodgkiss³

et al. 2013

Holzforschung

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Eight genotypes (clones) of Pinus radiata were subjected to drought and stem inclination to assess genotype response to common stressors. While drought stress reduced diameter growth, height growth and total biomass accumulation, root to shoot (R/S) ratios were unaffected. Drought-stressed plants had significantly lower average acoustic velocity, but longitudinal shrinkage (LS) and density were not different from those of the control plants. Radial diameter growth and R/S ratios were unaffected by tilting. Inclined stems had significantly lower acoustic velocity, and significantly higher LS and density than control stems. Acoustic velocity had a strong negative correlation with LS (r 2 = 0.79). Compression wood (CW) content was much higher in tilted plants, compared to control and drought treatment plants. The CW of tilted trees had different chemistry than that of the CW of drought and control plants. Genotypes differed significantly in the amount of CW formed as a response to tilting, demonstrating that the formation and extent of CW is genetically influenced. Mechanical perturbation in conjunction with acoustic methods for assessing stiffness would be a useful approach for early-age selection of genotypes less prone to form CW.

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Characterization of mechanically perturbed young stems: can it be used for wood quality screening?

Abstract: International audienc

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

Cellulose microfibril angles and cell-wall polymers in different wood types of Pinus radiata

Cellulose microfibril angles and cell-wall polymers in different wood types of Pinus radiata

Measurement of stiffness of standing trees and felled logs using acoustics: A review

Effects of induced drought and tilting on biomass allocation, wood properties, compression wood formation and chemical composition of young Pinus radiata genotypes (clones)

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