Characterization of Mutations in HIV Type 1 Isolates from 144 Cambodian Recently Infected Patients and Pregnant Women Naive to Antiretroviral Drugs

Abstract

A baseline study has been conducted to determine the polymorphism of reverse transcriptase, protease, and envelope genes of HIV-1 isolates from 146 antiretroviral drug-naive Cambodian patients including 22 seroconverters and 124 pregnant women having been diagnosed HIV positive for less than 1 year. Amplification of at least one gene was successful for 144 isolates. All three genes were obtained for 136 isolates. Subtyping showed that CRF01_AE was predominant (130 cases). According to the ANRS September 2004 list, polymorphism substitutions (>50% versus the subtype B consensus) of CRF01_AE at drug resistance positions were observed only in protease: I13V (81%), E35D (87%), M36I (100%), R41K (96%), and H69K (100%). Two strains bore one major resistance mutation to PIs: M46I and N88D. Five other strains carried drug resistance mutations to RTIs: K70R (one strain), V75M (three strains), and K101E (one strain). Of the isolates 4.9% had drug resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs.

Resistance to antiretrovirals in HIV-infected pregnant women

“…[37][38][39] Although early reports in the US placed the prevalence of ARV resistance in ARV-naïve patients at 20-23%, 8-10 more recent estimates have been lower, including those in HIVinfected pregnant women. 16 Minor mutations were similarly distributed among ARVexperienced and unexperienced pregnant women.…”

HIV-1 Diversity and Its Implications in Diagnosis, Transmission, Disease Progression, and Antiretroviral Therapy

“…K20R, M36I, H69KQ) (Table 4) (Grossman et al, 2001;Holguin et al, 2004). However, these genotypic changes by themselves do not consistently confer decreased susceptibility to PIs when viral strains are subject to phenotypic testing (Descamps et al, 2005;Grossman et al, 2004;Ly et al, 2005;Maljkovic et al, 2003;Nkengafac et al, 2007;Palma et al, 2007;Paraskevis et al, 2005;Roudinskii et al, 2004;Vazquez de Parga et al, 2005;Wensing et al, 2005). Consistent with this, most observational studies performed in vitro and in vivo suggest that the currently available PR and RT inhibitors are as active against non-B subtype viruses as they are against subtype B viruses (Santos and Soares, 2010).…”

HIV Type 1 Virological Response and Prevalence of HIV Type 1 Drug Resistance Among Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy, Shandong, China

“…9 In addition, surveys conducted in national ART programs around the world revealed that the prevalence of at least one resistanceconferring mutation ranged from 44% to 100% in ART patients with confirmed virological failure. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] To assess virological response and monitor the development of HIV drug resistance (DR) mutations, we conducted a cross-sectional survey from specimens collected from patients on ART between 2006 and 2008.…”