Characterization of Nipah Virus from Naturally Infected<i>Pteropus vampyrus</i>Bats, Malaysia

Rahman, Sohayati Abdul; Hassan, Sharifah Syed; Olival, Kevin J.; Mohamed, Maizan; Chang, Li-Yen; Hassan, Latiffah; Saad, Nivene; Shohaimi, Syamsiah Aini; Mamat, Zaini Che; Naim, Mark; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Suri, Arshad Siti; Field, Hume

doi:10.3201/eid1612.091790

Cited by 132 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A delayed pulse of susceptibles could potentially interact with an increased risk of infection during pregnancy, as demonstrated in P. scapulatus [21], or other, as yet unknown factors, such as recrudescent infection [69]. Host aggregation during reproduction [23,30,48,49] or periods of resource concentration [15,22] are other potential drivers of transmission that need further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropusspp.)

Plowright

Foley

Field³

et al. 2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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304

385

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Anthropogenic environmental change is often implicated in the emergence of new zoonoses from wildlife; however, there is little mechanistic understanding of these causal links. Here, we examine the transmission dynamics of an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus, Hendra virus (HeV), in its endemic host, Australian Pteropus bats (fruit bats or flying foxes). HeV is a biosecurity level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen, with a high case-fatality rate in humans and horses. With models parametrized from field and laboratory data, we explore a set of probable contributory mechanisms that explain the spatial and temporal pattern of HeV emergence; including urban habituation and decreased migration-two widely observed changes in flying fox ecology that result from anthropogenic transformation of bat habitat in Australia. Urban habituation increases the number of flying foxes in contact with human and domestic animal populations, and our models suggest that, in addition, decreased bat migratory behaviour could lead to a decline in population immunity, giving rise to more intense outbreaks after local viral reintroduction. Ten of the 14 known HeV outbreaks occurred near urbanized or sedentary flying fox populations, supporting these predictions. We also demonstrate that by incorporating waning maternal immunity into our models, the peak modelled prevalence coincides with the peak annual spill-over hazard for HeV. These results provide the first detailed mechanistic framework for understanding the sporadic temporal pattern of HeV emergence, and of the urban/peri-urban distribution of HeV outbreaks in horses and people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropusspp.)

Plowright

Foley

Field³

et al. 2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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304

385

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“…Twenty wild-caught adult Pteropus alecto bats from Queensland, Australia (12 pregnant females [Bats [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], five non-pregnant females [Bats [13][14][15][16][17], and three males [ ) and eight wild-caught adult P. vampyrus bats from Malaysia (four non-pregnant females [Bats [21][22][23][24] and four males [ ) were used in these experiments. Pteropus alecto was chosen because its distribution overlaps the locations where HeV outbreaks have occurred and it is the most abundant species of flying fox in Australia.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…occurring in Malaysia were found seropositive for NiV neutralizing antibodies, and the virus has been isolated from Pteropus hypomelanus and Pteropus vampyrus . [3][4][5] HeV was initially isolated from the uterine fluid of a P. poliocephalus female that had miscarried and from fetal tissues. 2 NiV has been isolated from pools of voided urine of P. hypomelanus collected by Chua and others 4 from under roosting bat colonies, from urine of Pteropus lylei in Cambodia, using similar techniques, and from the urine of a wild-caught P. vampyrus in peninsular Malaysia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 NiV has been isolated from pools of voided urine of P. hypomelanus collected by Chua and others 4 from under roosting bat colonies, from urine of Pteropus lylei in Cambodia, using similar techniques, and from the urine of a wild-caught P. vampyrus in peninsular Malaysia. 5,6 In this study, we attempted to identify the routes of transmission between bats and their spillover hosts by using geographically appropriate henipaviruses and hosts. Specifically, we aim to determine routes of virus excretion in bats and whether their gender or pregnancy status influenced the amount and route of excreted virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pteropid Bats are Confirmed as the Reservoir Hosts of Henipaviruses: A Comprehensive Experimental Study of Virus Transmission

Halpin¹,

Hyatt²,

Fogarty³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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378

369

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Abstract. Bats of the genus Pteropus have been identified as the reservoir hosts for the henipaviruses Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV). The aim of these studies was to assess likely mechanisms for henipaviruses transmission from bats. In a series of experiments, Pteropus bats from Malaysia and Australia were inoculated with NiV and HeV, respectively, by natural routes of infection. Despite an intensive sampling strategy, no NiV was recovered from the Malaysian bats and HeV was reisolated from only one Australian bat; no disease was seen. These experiments suggest that opportunities for henipavirus transmission may be limited; therefore, the probability of a spillover event is low. For spillover to occur, a range of conditions and events must coincide. An alternate assessment framework is required if we are to fully understand how this reservoir host maintains and transmits not only these but all viruses with which it has been associated.

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“…occurring in Malaysia were found seropositive for NiV [30]. Neutralizing antibodies, and the virus has been isolated from the small flying fox or variable flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) and the large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) [30][31][32]. NiV has been isolated from urine of Lyle's flying fox (Pteropus lylei) in Cambodia [33].…”

Section: Species Susceptible To Nivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipah Virus

Giangaspero¹

2013

Trop Med Surg

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Natural HostFruit bats (Macrochiroptera) of the family Pteropodidaeparticularly species belonging to the Pteropus genus-are the natural hosts for Nipah virus. There is no apparent disease in fruit bats. Bats belonging to the genus Pteropus are widely distributed. They live in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, including the Indian subcontinent, Australia, Indonesia, Madagascar, and a number of remote oceanic islands in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans.Among the genus Pteropus, the Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) (wingspan 1.5 m and up to 1.2 kg) and the relatively smaller Greater short-nosed fruit bat or Short-nosed Indian fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) (wingspan 48 cm), widespread and very common AbstractNipah virus is an emerging zoonosis with the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and major economic and public health impacts. According to World Organisation for Animal Health (Office International des Épizooties: OIE), Nipah virus is a notifiable disease of importance to international trade.

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Characterization of Nipah Virus from Naturally InfectedPteropus vampyrusBats, Malaysia

Cited by 132 publications

References 15 publications

Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropusspp.)

Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropusspp.)

Pteropid Bats are Confirmed as the Reservoir Hosts of Henipaviruses: A Comprehensive Experimental Study of Virus Transmission

Nipah Virus

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