Characterization of PbWO4 thin films formed by the pulsed laser welding technique

Formation, Enhanced Crystallization, Optical Absorption and Electrical Conduction in Copper Indium Selenide Thin Films Prepared via Pulse Laser Welding Technique

“…The frequency of the laser was kept at 10 Hz. As will be discussed other laser settings were either insufficient for the welding process or resulted in glass breaking and Se grains accumulation, [9,19] For the current study, crystalline films of a diameter of 2.0 mm are obtained in 1 s period of time. The X-ray diffraction patterns for the produced films are shown in Figure 1.…”

“…The currently obtained lattice parameters are shorter by 8.91% and 9.06% than those accepted as a standard, [20,22] The lattice constant deviates from standards due to the method of preparation. PLW technique is an ultrafast technique resulting in a large amount of broken bonds, [9,19] High ratios of atoms with broken bonds lead to an increase in the surface stress. [23] The increased surface stresses result in increased pressure on the lattice whose plane distances decrease.…”

“…[27] In truth the pulse diameter ( ƒ d) in pulsed laser welding is a critical parameter that directly impacts the weld characteristics, including penetration depth, weld bead width, and overall weld quality. [ 9,19 ] The pulse width (PW) allows for control over heat input, weld bead formation, material compatibility, distortion, and the quality of the final weld. In addition, the pulse frequency (f ) determines how frequently energy is applied to the weld zone.…”

“…In other words, it allows controlling the energy input, heat management, and weld quality. [9,19] Figure 3 Illustrates the scanning electron microscopy images for the samples during the welding process. It is clear from the image which is enlarged 1000 times that the grown films 3b) increased their number significantly.…”

“…[36] The decrease in the crystallite sizes upon Cu enrichments also accounts for the increased transmittance values. [37] On the other hand, the absorption coefficient (𝛼) spectra for films of thicknesses d which were calculated with the help of the equation, [19,34] ,…”