Characterization of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds

Gabetta, Bruno; Fuzzati, Nicola; Griffini, A.; Lolla, E.; Pace, Roberto; Ruffilli, Tiziano; Peterlongo, F.

doi:10.1016/s0367-326x(99)00161-6

Cited by 164 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs; also called condensed tannins) are abundant flavonoids found in seed coats, leaves, fruits, flowers, and bark of many plant species (Gabetta et al, 2000;Dixon et al, 2005). These compounds play protective roles against microbial pathogens, insect attack, and UV protection in plants (Santos-Buelga & Scalbert, 2000;Dixon et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by Medicago truncatula bHLH transcription factor MtTT8

et al. 2016

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SummaryThe MYB-basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-WD40 complexes regulating anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis in plants are not fully understood. Here Medicago truncatula bHLH MtTT8 was characterized as a central component of these ternary complexes that control anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis.Mttt8 mutant seeds have a transparent testa phenotype with reduced PAs and anthocyanins. MtTT8 restores PA and anthocyanin productions in Arabidopsis tt8 mutant. Ectopic expression of MtTT8 restores anthocyanins and PAs in mttt8 plant and hairy roots and further enhances both productions in wild-type hairy roots.Transcriptomic analyses and metabolite profiling of mttt8 mutant seeds and M. truncatula hairy roots (mttt8 mutant, mttt8 mutant complemented with MtTT8, or MtTT8 overexpression lines) indicate that MtTT8 regulates a subset of genes involved in PA and anthocyanin biosynthesis.MtTT8 is genetically regulated by MtLAP1, MtPAR and MtWD40-1. Combinations of MtPAR, MtLAP1, MtTT8 and MtWD40-1 activate MtTT8 promoter in yeast assay. MtTT8 interacts with these transcription factors to form regulatory complexes. MtTT8, MtWD40-1 and an MYB factor, MtPAR or MtLAP1, interacted and activated promoters of anthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin synthase to regulate PA and anthocyanin biosynthesis, respectively. Our results provide new insights into the complex regulation of PA and anthocyanin biosynthesis in M. truncatula.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by Medicago truncatula bHLH transcription factor MtTT8

et al. 2016

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“…Proanthocyanidins (PAs; also called condensed tannins) are oligomers of flavan-3-ol units and are found as prominent compounds in seed coats, leaves, fruits, flowers, and bark of many plant species (Ariga et al, 1981;Gabetta et al, 2000;Gu et al, 2004;Dixon et al, 2005). They are derived from the flavonoid/ anthocyanin branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MATE Transporters Facilitate Vacuolar Uptake of Epicatechin 3′-O-Glucoside for Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis inMedicago truncatulaandArabidopsis

2009

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Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana MYB transcription factor TRANSPARENT TESTA 2 (TT2) in Medicago trunculata hairy roots induces both proanthocyanidin accumulation and the ATP-dependent vacuolar/vesicular uptake of epicatechin 3′-O-glucoside; neither process is active in control roots that do, however, possess anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside vacuolar uptake activity. A vacuolar membrane-localized multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter, Medicago MATE1, was identified at the molecular level and shown to preferentially transport epicatechin 3′-O-glucoside. Genetic evidence has implicated TT12, a tonoplastic MATE transporter from Arabidopsis, in the transport of precursors for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed coat. However, although Arabidopsis TT12 facilitates the transport of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside into membrane vesicles when expressed in yeast, there is no evidence that cyanidin 3-O-glucoside is converted to proanthocyanidins after transport into the vacuole. Here, we show that Arabidopsis TT12, like Medicago MATE1, functions to transport epicatechin 3′-O-glucoside as a precursor for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, and Medicago MATE1 complements the seed proanthocyanidin phenotype of the Arabidopsis tt12 mutant both quantitatively and qualitatively. On the basis of biochemical properties, tissue-specific expression pattern, and genetic loss-of-function analysis, we conclude that MATE1 is an essential membrane transporter for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the Medicago seed coat. Implications of these findings for the assembly of oligomeric proanthocyanidins are discussed.

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“…Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs; also called condensed tannins) are abundant flavonoids found in seed coats, leaves, fruits, flowers, and bark of many plant species (Ariga et al, 1981;Gabetta et al, 2000;Gu et al, 2004;Dixon et al, 2005). PAs and anthocyanins play protective roles against microbial pathogens, insect attack, and UV irradiation, and anthocyanins are commonly utilized to attract insect pollinators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MATE2 Mediates Vacuolar Sequestration of Flavonoid Glycosides and Glycoside Malonates inMedicago truncatula

et al. 2011

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The majority of flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and isoflavones, are stored in the central vacuole, but the molecular basis of flavonoid transport is still poorly understood. Here, we report the functional characterization of a multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter (MATE2), from Medicago truncatula. MATE 2 is expressed primarily in leaves and flowers. Despite its high similarity to the epicatechin 39-O-glucoside transporter MATE1, MATE2 cannot efficiently transport proanthocyanidin precursors. In contrast, MATE2 shows higher transport capacity for anthocyanins and lower efficiency for other flavonoid glycosides. Three malonyltransferases that are coexpressed with MATE2 were identified. The malonylated flavonoid glucosides generated by these malonyltransferases are more efficiently taken up into MATE2-containing membrane vesicles than are the parent glycosides. Malonylation increases both the affinity and transport efficiency of flavonoid glucosides for uptake by MATE2. Genetic loss of MATE2 function leads to the disappearance of leaf anthocyanin pigmentation and pale flower color as a result of drastic decreases in the levels of various flavonoids. However, some flavonoid glycoside malonates accumulate to higher levels in MATE2 knockouts than in wild-type controls. Deletion of MATE2 increases seed proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, presumably via redirection of metabolic flux from anthocyanin storage.

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Characterization of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds

Cited by 164 publications

References 26 publications

Regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by Medicago truncatula bHLH transcription factor MtTT8

Regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by Medicago truncatula bHLH transcription factor MtTT8

MATE Transporters Facilitate Vacuolar Uptake of Epicatechin 3′-O-Glucoside for Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis inMedicago truncatulaandArabidopsis

MATE2 Mediates Vacuolar Sequestration of Flavonoid Glycosides and Glycoside Malonates inMedicago truncatula

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