Characterization of Reactivation of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in Patients Healed After Treatment With Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Song, Mi-Kyoung; Karavellas, Marietta P.; Macdonald, Jonathan; Plummer, Daniel J.; Freeman, W. R.

doi:10.1097/00006982-200002000-00007

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the Herpesviridae family [1,2]. CMV presents as an opportunistic infection in 75-85% of cases; and although infection can occur in healthy individuals, it is uncommon to observe symptomatic CMV infection in individuals who are not immune suppressed [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in HIV and Non-HIV Individuals

et al. 2019

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Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is a severe, vision-threatening disease that primarily affects immunosuppressed patients. CMVR is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients and is the leading cause of blindness in this group; however, the incidence of CMVR in HIV patients has dramatically decreased with antiretroviral therapy. Other causes of immunosuppression, including organ transplantation, hematologic malignancies, and iatrogenic immunosuppression, can also lead to the development of CMVR. Herein, we describe the pathogenesis of CMVR and compare clinical features, epidemiology, and risk factors in HIV and non-HIV infected individuals with CMVR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the most deleterious manifestations of CMV infection in the eye is CMV retinitis (CMVR). CMVR is characterized by full thickness retinal inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis [2]. CMVR can result in profound vision loss and may lead to retinal detachment and permanent vision loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in HIV and Non-HIV Individuals

et al. 2019

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“…This value of 50 cells ×10 6 /l has been shown to be important both for the development and the reactivation of CMV retinitis. They also stated that even though the maintenance therapy can be discontinued there is no guarantee that CMV retinitis will not relapse and that these patients should be followed closely, especially those showing failure with HAART 10. In our study, none of the patients showed reactivation of CMV retinitis after a mean follow up of 20.4 months, with over 50% of them having been followed for over 1 year, including those patients who had detectable HIV viral load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Suspension of anticytomegalovirus maintenance therapy following immune recovery due to highly active antiretroviral therapy

Curi¹,

Muralha²,

Muralha³

et al. 2001

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Most of the studies have shown reduced incidence and prevalence of ocular manifestations in patients on HAART in different places (Palella et al, 1998;Jacobson et al, 1997;Song et al, 2000;Lin et al, 2002;Torriani et al, 2000). Nepal is now going through a transition phase, and with the introduction of voluntary counseling and testing center (VCTC) and the provision of HAART free of cost to HIV-infected patients, the spectrum of ophthalmological manifestations may have varied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye changes among HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Nepal

2016

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Background: HIV/AIDS has various ocular manifestations. Objective: To find out eye findings among HIV positive patients in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Method This Hospital based cross sectional descriptive study was carried at B. P. Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies. Patient profile, WHO clinical stage, CD4+ cell count, duration of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and systemic diseases were recorded. All the cases underwent ocular examination as per the study protocol and the findings were noted in a proforma developed for the study. The results were analysed with SPSS 14.0. Results: Of 100 HIV positive cases (including 55 antiretroviral therapy patients) 62% patients were male and 38% were female. The mean age of presentation was 27.72 years. Heterosexual transmission (62%) was the commonest mode of transmission of HIV. Thirty seven percent patients were illiterate. Systemic disease was present in 20% cases. Ocular complaint was present in 53% patients. Ocular disease was present in 40% HIV positive patients. Almost 55% of these cases were on antiretroviral therapy. Moderate to lower CD4 count patient had frequent eye disease. Patients in WHO Stage III and IV also had frequent eye problems. Anterior segment and external ocular disorder was present in 25% patients. The commonest manifestation was conjunctivitis in10% of total cases. Posterior segment manifestation was present in 11%, neuro-ophthalmic lesion in 4% and orbital lesion in 1% patient. Conclusion: Anterior segment manifestation is still common ocular manifestations in HIV positive patients in Nepal. Patients in WHO Stage III and IV are more vulnerable for eye changes. Young aged male and migrant workers are at risk of acquiring HIV in developing country like Nepal. Eye findings even in patientson antiretroviral therapy are similar. However, large sample size and long follow up study is required to have final disclosure.

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Characterization of Reactivation of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in Patients Healed After Treatment With Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in HIV and Non-HIV Individuals

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in HIV and Non-HIV Individuals

Suspension of anticytomegalovirus maintenance therapy following immune recovery due to highly active antiretroviral therapy

Eye changes among HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Nepal

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