Characterization of Red Blood Cells with Multiwavelength Transmission Spectroscopy

Abstract

Multiwavelength transmission (MWT) spectroscopy was applied to the investigation of the morphological parameters and composition of red blood cells (RBCs). The MWT spectra were quantitatively analyzed with a Mie theory based interpretation model modified to incorporate the effects of the nonsphericity and orientation of RBCs. The MWT spectra of the healthy and anemic samples were investigated for the RBC indices in open and blinded studies. When MWT performance was evaluated against a standard reference system, very good agreement between two methods, with R 2 > 0.85 for all indices studied, was demonstrated. The RBC morphological parameters were used to characterize three types of anemia and to draw an association between RBC morphology and anemia severity. The MWT spectra of RBCs infected with malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum at different life cycle stages were analyzed for RBC morphological parameters. The changes in the RBC volume, surface area, aspect ratio, and hemoglobin composition were used to trace the morphological and compositional alterations in the infected RBCs occurring with parasites' development and to provide insights into parasite-host interactions. The MWT method was shown to be reliable for determination of the RBC morphological parameters and to be valuable for identification of the RBC pathologic changes and disease states.

To Investigate the Refractive Index of Blood Plasma Suspended in Various Tonicity Solutions

“…Hemoglobin concentration of blood drops as a result of anemia [15]. As most of the optical properties of blood depend on hemoglobin concentration, this makes anemia is an ideal model when examining a new theatrical or experimental optical technique for blood [16][17][18].…”

Refractive Index of Hemoglobin Analysis: A Comparison of Alternating Conditional Expectations and Computational Intelligence Models

“… 3 − 6 Considering the shape and size of hemoglobin, its optical properties would significantly affect the optical attributes of the entire blood. 7 Thus, optical properties of hemoglobin can provide us with valuable information which is extremely useful in medical diagnosis 4 and the patient’s overall health conditions. At the same time, its role in therapeutic applications, particularly laser medicine, is highly valuable.…”

“…This process will allow aerobic respiration to provide energy to the cells for their metabolism. , There are two distinct forms of hemoglobin, that is, hemoglobin exist in oxygenated (O) and deoxygenated (DO) states based on their capability to reversibly bind up to four oxygen molecules . Besides, hemoglobin is a biological marker to clinically diagnose different medical conditions mainly because of the close relationship between the pathophysiology of various diseases and the red blood cells. − Considering the shape and size of hemoglobin, its optical properties would significantly affect the optical attributes of the entire blood . Thus, optical properties of hemoglobin can provide us with valuable information which is extremely useful in medical diagnosis and the patient’s overall health conditions.…”

Quantitative absorption imaging of red blood cells to determine physical and mechanical properties

“…are prone to anemia. 9 – 11 Besides anemia, abnormal shape (echinocyte, teardrop, and sickle cell) and alteration to membrane morphology and mechanical properties can also be attributed to these diseases. Studies have been carried out to associate RBC deformation to several pathological alterations due to malaria, 12 – 14 sickle cell anemia, 15 hereditary disorders, 16 diabetes, 17 myocardial infarction, 18 etc.…”

“… 71 – 73 Multiwavelength transmission spectroscopy has been used to measure mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV). 11 A combination of QPI and amplitude imaging method with light sources of multiple wavelength has been used to measure the hemoglobin mass and volume simultaneously. 74 The refractive index of the RBC has been tied with the phase change in phase microscopy to measure hemoglobin and volume of RBC simultaneously with digital holographic microscopy (DHM).…”