Characterization of rhinovirus C from a 4-year-old boy with acute onset dilated cardiomyopathy in Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

Introduction Myocarditis, inflammation of the heart muscle, can be caused by infections, autoimmune disease or exposure to toxins. The major cause of myocarditis in the paediatric population is viral infection, including coxsackievirus B3, adenovirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, influenza A and B, and hepatitis. Here, we report the detection of rhinovirus C in a boy with a clinical presentation of myocarditis, suggesting a possible causative role of this virus in this case.Case presentation A previously well 4.5-year-old boy presented with increasing breathlessness for a week prior to admission. He also had upper respiratory tract infection a few days before the event. An echocardiogram revealed severe left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction with dilation of the LV. RNA was extracted from serum and two nasal swabs, and tested with conventional PCR at the family level for viruses including enterovirus, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, herpesvirus, paramyxovirus and coronavirus. Further characterization of the enterovirus group was carried out using PCR with primers targeting the VP4/VP2 gene, followed by sequencing. Molecular tests showed the presence of rhinovirus C genetic material in both serum and swab samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 region showed 96–97 % similarity with the closest strain isolated in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Japan in 2012.Conclusion We report the possible association of rhinovirus C and myocarditis in a child presenting with acute onset of dilated cardiomyopathy.

Detection of central nervous system viral infections in adults in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…Two cases of EV (EV-D68 and RV-A) were identified by PCR from throat swabs which are known to have higher yields than CSF for EV CNS infection as viral concentration could be low early after illness onset [37]. Our pan-enterovirus PCR primers were designed to detect a conserved segment in untranslated region of EVs and have been successfully used to detect a broad range of EVs including coxsackievirus B3 and rhinovirus C [15,38]; enterovirus A71, rhinovirus A, echovirus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus B4, A6, and A16 [39]; as well as a number of novel enteroviruses, from various types of clinical samples [16,40]. The detection rate could be low in our study population of adults as enterovirus CNS infection is commonly seen in pediatric patients but in less than 1% of adults.…”

Detection of multiple viral sequences in the respiratory tract samples of suspected Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus patients in Jakarta, Indonesia 2015–2016

“…Globally, rhinovirus C has been linked to lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, especially when there is coinfection with other viruses, such as bocavirus and influenza virus (Langelier et al, 2017). In Indonesia, data on rhinovirus C are limited, with only one report related to myocarditis (Wiyatno et al, 2018).…”

Pathogenic viruses: Molecular detection and characterization

“…Southeast Asia is considered to be especially vulnerable to potential outbreaks of pathogenic viruses and a number of pathogenic viruses have been reported to circulate in this region. These include Nipah virus (NiV) (Looi and Chua, 2007), H5N1 (Adisasmito et al, 2013), Dengue virus (Sasmono et al, 2015;Dhenni et al, 2018), Rabies virus (Susilawathi et al, 2012), West Nile virus , Chikungunya virus (Kosasih et al, 2013;Riswari et al, 2016), Zika virus , Coxsackievirus virus (Wiyatno et al, 2016), Measles virus (Hartoyo et al, 2017), Rhinovirus C (Wiyatno et al, 2018), Japanese encephalitis virus (Gao et al, 2013), Seoul virus (Hofmann et al, 2018) etc. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) which emerged in Wuhan, Hubei, China, has also been identified in this region (Huang et al, 2020).…”

“…TaqMan quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays have also been developed and used for the specific detection and quantitation of North American eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and western equine encephalitis (WEE) RNAs based on amplification of 69 bp and 67 bp of the corresponding genome sequences, respectively (Lambert et al, 2003;Vina-Rodriguez et al, 2016). In addition, the PCR-based detection methods have also been successfully employed for the detection of pathogenic DNA viruses such as adenoviruses (Allard et al, 1990), herpes viruses (Shimada et al, 2017), polyomaviruses (Vanchiere et al, 2005), poxviruses (Scaramozzino et al, 2007;Putkuri et al, 2009) and pathogenic RNA viruses such as Ebola (Cherpillod et al, 2016), Zika , SARS (Chan et al, 2004b), MERS-CoV (Lu et al, 2014), H5N1 (Ng et al, 2005;Karo-karo et al, 2019), Chikungunya , coxsackievirus (Wiyatno et al, 2016), rhinovirus C (Wiyatno et al, 2018), etc. Other molecular methods for detecting pathogenic viruses such as direct nucleic acid detection by a biosensor (Saylan et al, 2019) and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) diagnostics using CRISPR-CRISPR-associated system (CRISPR-Cas) (Chertow, 2018) have also been developed.…”