Characterization of shale–fluid interaction through a series of immersion tests and rheological studies

Koteeswaran, Samyukta; Habibpour, Mehdi; Puckette, Jim; Pashin, Jack C.; Clark, Peter E.

doi:10.1007/s13202-018-0444-5

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The core samples were saturated with 3 wt. % potassium chloride to prevent clay swelling, 33,34 and then, rock characterization was performed for the saturated samples. XRD for Berea Buff sandstone (Table 1)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The core samples were saturated with 3 wt. % potassium chloride to prevent clay swelling, , and then, rock characterization was performed for the saturated samples. XRD for Berea Buff sandstone (Table ) shows that quartz represents 91% of the mineralogical composition, microcline with 4, and 5% of total clay content that includes kaolinite (3%), smectite (1%), and muscovite (1%).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The existing work in the literature studied has much scope for the rock–mud interaction as the effect of weighting materials on the mud rheology, , new additives as rheology modifiers, filter cake characterization, − and formation damage due to drilling fluids; , however, the current work deeply studies the impact on the rock pore system and characteristics of the role of different weighting materials. This paper presents an investigating study to assess the effect of four different weighting materials (barite, ilmenite, hematite, and Micromax) on the pore system of Barea Buff sandstone and the consequent alterations in the rock features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Alteration of Sandstone Pore System and Rock Features by Role of Weighting Materials

et al. 2021

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Drilled formations are commonly invaded by drilling fluids during the drilling operations, and as a result, the rock pore system will have alterations that consequently alter the rock properties. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of the most commonly used weighting materials in water-based mud (WBM) on the Berea Buff sandstone pore system and rock characteristics. Rock−mud interaction was imposed by using a customized high-pressure high-temperature filtration test cell under 300 psi differential pressure and 200 °F temperature to simulate downhole conditions during drilling that affect the rock−mud interaction. Extensive lab analysis was accomplished to investigate the rock characteristic alterations in terms of rock porosity, permeability, pore size distribution, flow characteristics, resistivity, and acoustic properties. Ilmenite-WBM showed the maximum values (8.3 cm 3 filtrate volume and 7.6 mm cake thickness), while barite recorded the lowest filtrate volume (5.3 cm 3 ) and thickness (3 mm). Nuclear magnetic resonance profiles illustrated the changes in the rock pore system due to the dominant precipitation or dissolution effects. A general porosity reduction was recorded with all mud types that ranged from 4.2 to 9.9% for ilmenite and Micromax, respectively. The rock permeability showed severe damage after mud exposure and a reduction in the pore throat radius. After mud invasion, the rock electrical resistivity showed alterations based on the mineralogical composition of the weighting materials that replaced the saturated brine from the rock pores. Compressional wave velocities (V p ) showed an increasing trend as V p of Micromax-WBM increased by 4.5%, while hematite-and ilmenite-WBMs recorded the minimum increase of 1.8%. A general reduction was found for shear wave velocities (V s ); Micromax-WBM showed the highest V s reduction by 6.6%, while ilmenite-WBM recorded the minimum reduction of 1.8%. The pore system alterations are the main reason behind V p increase, where the rock lithology alterations controlled the V s changes. The study findings will add more for the rock logging interpretation and rock properties alterations after the mud exposure.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Alteration of Sandstone Pore System and Rock Features by Role of Weighting Materials

et al. 2021

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“…The sandstone rock samples were cut into a size of 1.5” diameter and 2” length to be hosted in the modified aging cell of the filter press. After that, the samples were saturated with 3 wt % potassium chloride (KCl) for clay-swelling inhibition , using the vacuum saturation method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Filtrate Fluid of Water-Based Mud on Sandstone Rock Strength and Elastic Moduli

2020

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During drilling operations, the filtrate fluid of the drilling mud invades the drilled rock. The invading filtrate fluid will interact with the rock and therefore alter the rock internal topography, pore system, elastic moduli, and rock strength. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the mud filtrate of barite-weighted water-based mud on the geomechanical properties of four types of sandstone rocks (Berea Buff, Berea Spider, Bandera Brown, and Parker). The mud filtrate was collected to provide mud filtrate–rock exposure at a pressure of 300 psi and 200 °F temperature for 10 days. The study assessed the alteration in the rock geomechanics employing an integrated laboratory analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and scratch testing. The ultrasonic results showed changes after exposure to the mud filtrate and an obvious reduction trend in the shear wave velocities due to the dissolution and mineralogical modifications in rock samples. The obtained results displayed a general strength reduction for the four sandstone types with different levels. The strength reduction ranged from 6% reduction for Berea Spider to a record 23% reduction for Parker. For all sandstone types, Young’s modulus showed a general reduction ranging from 11 to 40%, while Poisson’s ratio recorded an increase by 62–155% after the filtrate interaction. The study illustrated the role of pore-system alteration in controlling the rock strength and dynamic moduli.

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“…If the shale contains silt minerals, they may swell in contact with water-based mud -this decreases the pore volume and increases the pore pressure. This additional pressure increase (called swelling pressure) may be included in the calculations by adding it to pore pressure (Koteeswaran et al, 2018). The problem of mud impact on shales has been extensively discussed in the literature and is well known to mud and drilling engineers -thus it will not be discussed here (Santarelli i et al, 1992;Mody and Hale, 1993;Van Oort et al, 1994;Santarelli and Carminati, 1995;Gomez and He, 2012;Lyu et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical aspects of wellbore stability in shales and coals

Szpunar¹,

Budak²

2021

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This paper presents a simple model which can be used to calculate the following values: critical depth for which the well integrity is preserved in a shale or coal horizon with actual shale/coal mechanical parameters, actual mud density and reservoir parameters; minimum mud density at which stress concentration at the wellbore wall is below the allowable limit for a given rock’s mechanical parameters, formation pressure gradient, and overburden pressure gradient; mud density required for the preservation of shale/coal integrity at the wellbore wall at any depth, assuming that the strength parameters of shale or coal, formation pressure gradient, and overburden pressure gradient are constant. The appropriate equations were derived using the maximum principal strain hypothesis, which holds for brittle materials. It was also assumed that the radial pressure at the borehole wall is caused by the weight of overburden rocks. The author’s intention was to provide formulas which are as simple as possible and which can be easily used in practice. The final equations were based on the solution to the Lame problem, which was adopted to represent a vertical drilling well with a circular cross-section and filled with mud whose hydrostatic pressure is assumed to oppose the pore pressure. Included are effects of silt swelling pressure, overburden pressure, mud density and the mechanical properties of the rock – including the unconfined compressive strength and Poisson’s ratio. In the case of shale or silty coal layers, the swelling pressure increases the volume of the clay minerals in the pores by diffusion the mud filtrate, which reduces the pore volume and increases the pore pressure, and therefore impacts the calculations. Presented model allows for derivation of the Hubert–Willis formula for fracturing pressure or fracture pressure gradient, which are commonly used in the oil industry. The calculation results are presented using data from the domestic oil industry and data from one of the Polish coal mines.

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Characterization of shale–fluid interaction through a series of immersion tests and rheological studies

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Investigating the Alteration of Sandstone Pore System and Rock Features by Role of Weighting Materials

Investigating the Alteration of Sandstone Pore System and Rock Features by Role of Weighting Materials

Effect of the Filtrate Fluid of Water-Based Mud on Sandstone Rock Strength and Elastic Moduli

Mechanical aspects of wellbore stability in shales and coals

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