Characterization of sol–gel synthesised lead-free (1−x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–xBaTiO3-based ceramics

Effect of the sintering temperature on the properties of nanocrystalline Ca1−xSmxMnO3 (0≤x≤0.4) powders

“…The substitution of Ca 2+ for Sm 3+ leads to a higher Mn 3+ content and, as a consequence, the lowering of the energy barrier for polaron hopping, which lowers the activation energy for conduction from x = 0 to 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.4. As mentioned earlier [20,51], some authors verified that the activation energy values increase with decreasing grain size. In fact, increasing grain size the interconnectivity between grains increases, which enhances the possibility of conduction electrons to hop to the neighboring sites, thereby decreasing the E a value.…”

Dielectric properties of BNT-xBT prepared by hydrothermal process

“…The mixing of (Sol-1) and (Sol-2) with oxalic acid at stoichiometric ratio was done under warm conditions, and with stirring at 90 C/15 min. Then a gradual dropping of 10 M solution of sodium hydroxide was added to the oxalate solution with continuous stirring at 90 C/ 72 h. [7][8][9][10] The resultant powder was washed and filtered for five times with distilled water, then characterized by X-ray diffraction XRD analysis. The steps for preparation of BNT via a hydrothermal process is shown in Fig.…”

Structural and piezoelectric characteristics of BNT–BT0.05 thin films processed by sol–gel technique

“…Recently, bismuth sodium titanate Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 (abbreviated as BNT) and its solid solutions (1 − x)(Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 )TiO 3 -xBaTiO 3 , (BNT-BT x ) are intensively studied as lead-free piezoelectric materials [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The BNT-BT x solid solutions with a composition near rhombohedral-tetragonal morphotropic phase boundary (MPB, x = 0.06-0.07) has attracted considerable attention due to their high piezoelectric properties [10][11][12][13].…”