Characterization of the Atl-mediated staphylococcal internalization mechanism

More Is Not Always Better—the Double-Headed Role of Fibronectin in Staphylococcus aureus Host Cell Invasion

“…Some examples of these “alternative” uptake mechanisms include the iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) protein that may serve as a bacterial receptor for vitronectin, which itself binds to αvβ3 integrin on the host cell ( 13 ). Moreover, the interaction of S. aureus autolysin Atl with heat shock cognate protein Hsc70 promotes the internalization of S. aureus ( 14 , 15 ), whereas the bacterial extracellular adherence protein (Eap) mediates cellular uptake, possibly by its binding to a variety of host proteins ( 16 , 17 ). S. aureus lipoproteins also have been shown to trigger bacterial uptake into host cells by activating heat shock protein 90 ( 18 , 19 ).…”

The road to success of coagulase-negative staphylococci: clinical significance of small colony variants and their pathogenic role in persistent infections

“…Bacteria may stimulate Akt phosphorylation even in the presence of a PI3K inhibitor, probably by using other possible ways whose activity is not altered by wortmannin [92]. The same signaling pathway is also involved in internalization of S. epidermidis in vascular endothelial cells [85], suggesting that similar mechanism is common for phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. As there is currently a little understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to internalization of CoNS, the signaling events mediated by Src and PI3K/Akt pathway may represent the first or even sole internalization mechanism adopted by S. epidermidis and other CoNS, both WT and SCVs [85].…”

“…Nevertheless, recently the staphylococcal surfaceassociated autolysin, AtlE has been suggested to possess adhesive functions, besides its primary role in cell separation, and directly interact with the heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) as host cell receptor [84]. Besides autolisin/adhesins, the integrin α 5 β 1 and Fn seem to be important for internalization of S. epidermidis, similar to FnBPs-mediated S. aureus uptake [85,86]. Schlesier et al [85] suggest that as Atl is ubiquitous among all staphylococcal species, it may therefore represent the good substitution for the FnBPs in staphylococci lacking FnBP.…”

“…Schlesier et al [85] suggest that as Atl is ubiquitous among all staphylococcal species, it may therefore represent the good substitution for the FnBPs in staphylococci lacking FnBP. In the model they propose, the interaction between S. epidermidis and host cells is believed to occur through a bridging mechanism, in which bacterial AtlE and Fn bridges to the α 5 β 1 integrin and Hsc70 as a coreceptor [85].…”

Autophagy in Staphylococcus aureus Infection

“…The cell wall-anchored proteins of S. aureus, Fnbps and IsdB, promote internalization and subsequent invasion (Zapotoczna et al, 2013;Schlesier et al, 2020). The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on the surface of phagocytes recognize pathogens and mediate their uptake into phagosomes for later elimination (Flannagan et al, 2009).…”