Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response against Gnathostoma binucleatum in Patients Clinically Diagnosed with Gnathostomiasis

Abstract

Abstract. Gnathostomiasis is an emerging systemic parasitic disease acquired by consuming raw or uncooked freshwater fish infected with the advanced third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spp. This disease is endemic to the Pacific region of Mexico, and one of its etiologic agents has been identified as Gnathostoma binucleatum. We characterized the humoral immune response of patients clinically diagnosed with gnathostomiasis by detecting total IgM, IgE, and IgG class and subclasses against a crude extract of the parasite by Western blotting. Our results do not show differences in the antigens recognized by IgM and IgE. However, we found that the specific humoral immune response is caused mainly by IgG, specifically IgG4. We found that 43%, 65.2%, 54.1%, and 26.3% of the patients recognize the 37-kD, 33-kD, 31-kD, and 24-kDa antigens, suggesting that the 33-kD antigen is the immunodominant antigen of G. binucleatum.

Cross-Reactivity Pattern of Asian and American Human Gnathostomiasis in Western Blot Assays Using Crude Antigens Prepared from Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma binucleatum Third-Stage Larvae

“…18,19 No study has ever evaluated the usage of G. binucleatum AL3 in immunoblot assays in Ecuador or Peru, where human gnathostomiasis occurs. 20 However, a Gnathostoma doloresi antigen-based enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has successfully been used to diagnose gnathostomiasis in Ecuadorian patients in the past.…”

Application of Recombinant Gnathostoma spinigerum Matrix Metalloproteinase-Like Protein for Serodiagnosis of Human Gnathostomiasis by Immunoblotting

“…For the immunodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis, many attempts have been made 34 to establish a specific diagnostic test system for the disease caused by Gnathostoma spp., such as Gnathostoma binucleatum, 16,35 Gnathostoma doloresi, 36 and G. spinigerum. 17 However, the limitation is the small amount production of the specific antigen from native worm extracts.…”

Proteases secreted by Gnathostoma binucleatum degrade fibronectin and antibodies from mammals

“…To confirm the identity of the parasites isolated, we followed the procedure described by Zambrano-Zaragoza et al (2012). Briefly, after obtaining the ESP, genomic DNA was purified from the ADVL3 and used as a template to perform PCR with primers specific for the species: for ITS-1, Lim1657 5'-CTGCCTTTGTAC ACACCG-3' and ITS-RIXO 5-TGGCTGCGTTCTTCATCG-3'; and for ITS-2, NEWS2 5'-TGTG TCGATGAAGAACGCAG-3' and ITS2-RIXO 5'-TTCTATGCTTTAAATTCA GGGG-3'.…”