Characterization of the MicroRNA Profile of Ginger Exosome-like Nanoparticles and Their Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Intestinal Caco-2 Cells

Abstract

Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) have been shown to enter mammalian cells for disease treatment. Although abundant miRNAs are contained in ginger exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs), little is known about their type and function. Herein, we extracted GELNs with desirable particle sizes (156 ± 36 nm) and a negative surface charge (−26.6 ± 5 mV). The miRNA profiles in ginger and GELNs were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing, and the results of the sequencing were validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). There were 27 miRNAs with higher expression levels in the GELNs, and they were mainly involved in the regulation of inflammatory and cancer-related pathways. Furthermore, GELNs could be specifically internalized by intestine cells via caveolin-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis, as well as counteract lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation by downregulating NF-κβ, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression. Importantly, the positive effects were further proved to be possibly related to the miRNAs enriched in the GELNs. Overall, these results indicated that PELNs could target human digestive organs and play a cross-kingdom physiological regulation role through miRNAs.

Emergence of Edible Plant-Derived Nanovesicles as Functional Food Components and Nanocarriers for Therapeutics Delivery: Potentials in Human Health and Disease

“…Oat bran meal was dissolved in PBS and then incubated in a 37 °C water bath for 30 min for supernatant collection and subsequent centrifugation [ 29 ]. Root vegetables, such as carrot [ 30 ], garlic [ 31 , 32 , 33 ], ginger [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], ginseng [ 42 , 43 ], and turmeric [ 44 ], and leafy vegetables including cabbage [ 45 ], were prepared similarly to fruits by blending them with or without additional PBS pre- or post-grinding.…”

“…For instance, miRNA cargo is more enriched in ginger-derived nanovesicles, while ginger tissue is rich in tRNAs [ 55 ]. Compared with ginger, ginger-derived nanovesicles had 50 differentially expressed miRNAs and 3 of them were more than 4-fold greater in the nanovesicles [ 41 ].…”

Advances in Bioactivity of MicroRNAs of Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles and Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

“…The specific correlations between intestinal bacteria and anti-inflammatory effects still require further investigation. In addition, it has been demonstrated that miRNAs in ginger ELNs were involved in the regulation of inflammatory by downregulating the expression of NF-κB, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in Caco-2 cells . Arntz et al described that EVs from bovine milk contained miR-30-a, miR-223, miR-92-a, β-casein mRNA, and β-lactoglobulin mRNA, which can be taken up by RAW264.7, splenocytes, and intestinal cells, and served to delay the onset of arthritis in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis.…”

Natural products exert anti-tumor effects by regulating exosomal ncRNA

“…Exosomal MDO-miR7267-3p ameliorates colitis in mice through an il-22-dependent mechanism ( 100 ), and regulate AhR expression by inducing miR-375 and VAMP7 to prevent high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity ( 101 ). In addition, ginger-derived nanoparticles also inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory responses through downregulation of NF-κβ, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α ( 102 ). In conclusion, numerous natural exosomes have been found to be used for cancer prevention and treatment, which provides new ideas for the clinical treatment of cancer.…”