Characterization of the O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001d foot‐and‐mouth disease virus epidemic recorded in the Maghreb during 2014–2015

Pezzoni, Giulia; Calzolari, Mattia; Foglia, Efrem; Bregoli, Arianna; Nardo, Antonello Di; Sghaier, Soufien; Madani, Hafsa; Chiapponi, Chiara; Grazioli, Santina; Relmy, Anthony; Kassimi, Labib Bakkali; Brocchi, Emiliana

doi:10.1111/tbed.14611

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 58 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…This was the case when the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d sublineage was first reported in Libya in 2013. It then spread to other countries in North Africa, moving from Libya to Tunisia and subsequently to Algeria in 2014 and to Morocco in 2015 [ 33 , 34 ]. Furthermore, previous researchers have emphasized the potential of FMDV strains prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa to spread to North Africa [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FTA Cards as a Rapid Tool for Collection and Transport of Infective Samples: Experience with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Libya

Abosrer

Pezzoni

Brocchi

et al. 2022

Animals

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease, widespread and highly contagious, that mainly affects cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals. FMD can lead to high economic losses due to the reduction in animal production such as a drop in milk production, loss of body weight, and a high mortality rate in young ruminants. Sixteen samples were collected from animals showing typical clinical signs of FMD during the last FMD outbreak in Libya in 2018–2019. Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards impressed with blood, swabs, or vesicular epithelium samples were shipped to the WOAH FMD reference laboratory in Brescia, Italy, and tested for the detection of FMD viruses. Nucleic acids were extracted from the FTA cards, and molecular testing based on real-time RT-PCR assays was carried out, of which one was specifically designed for the detection of the FMD virus of serotype O, topotype O/East Africa-3 (O/EA-3), that was further confirmed by a sequence analysis of the VP1 gene. The phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene showed a nucleotide identity of more than 99% between the virus circulating in Libya and the FMD virus strains isolated in Algeria in 2019.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FTA Cards as a Rapid Tool for Collection and Transport of Infective Samples: Experience with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Libya

Abosrer

Pezzoni

Brocchi

et al. 2022

Animals

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Characterization of the O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001d foot‐and‐mouth disease virus epidemic recorded in the Maghreb during 2014–2015

Pezzoni

Calzolari

Foglia

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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The O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001d has been the main foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage responsible for FMD epidemics outside the Indian subcontinent from 2013 to 2017. In 2014, outbreaks caused by this FMDV lineage were reported in Maghreb, where it was initially detected in Algeria and Tunisia and later in Morocco. This was the first incursion of an FMDV type O of exotic origin in the Maghreb region after 14 years of absence. In this study, we report analyses of both VP1 and whole‐genome sequences (WGSs) generated from 22 isolates collected in Algeria and Tunisia between 2014 and 2015. All the WGSs analysed showed a minimum pairwise identity of 98.9% at the nucleotide level and 99% at the amino acid level (FMDV coding region). All Tunisian sequences shared a single putative common ancestor closely related to FMDV strains circulating in Libya during 2013. Whereas sequences from Algeria suggest the country experienced two virus introductions. The first introduction is represented by strains circulating in 2014 which are closely related to those from Tunisia, the second one, of which the origin is more uncertain, includes strains collected in Algeria in 2015 that gave origin to the 2015 outbreak reported in Morocco. Overall, our results demonstrated that a unique introduction of O/Ind‐2001d FMDV occurred in Maghreb through Tunisia presumably in 2014, and from then the virus spread into Algeria and later into Morocco.

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Foot and Mouth Disease in North Africa: Epidemiology and Control Strategies

Hemida,

Merdja,

Boumezrag

2024

Folia Veterinaria

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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting livestock, caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The North African region is vulnerable to transboundary diseases, and the livestock population at risk is substantial. The genetic diversity of FMDV in the region poses challenges for control measures, as vaccination or recovery from one serotype does not guarantee protection against others. The risk of disease introduction through illegal animal movement is leading North African countries to follow strict WOAH sanitary measures and animal movement controls. Algeria has faced multiple outbreaks, some linked to the illegal movement of animals across borders. Tunisia experienced outbreaks in 2014 and 2017, with genomic analysis indicating connections to West African countries. Libya encountered historical FMDV incursions, and despite control efforts, illegal animal movement and inadequate facilities posed challenges. Morocco reported outbreaks in 1991 and later in 2015, introducing vaccination strategies. Egypt’s FMD history showed multiple serotypes causing outbreaks. Control strategies include vaccination, compensation for affected farmers, and control measures such as disease notification, surveillance, and movement restrictions. The compensation rates for farmers vary depending on factors such as animal type and the approved compensation approach. In conclusion, the complexity of FMD control in North Africa, highlights the need for regional collaboration, effective control measures, and ongoing vigilance to mitigate the economic and health impacts of the disease.

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Characterization of the O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001d foot‐and‐mouth disease virus epidemic recorded in the Maghreb during 2014–2015

Cited by 3 publications

References 58 publications

FTA Cards as a Rapid Tool for Collection and Transport of Infective Samples: Experience with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Libya

FTA Cards as a Rapid Tool for Collection and Transport of Infective Samples: Experience with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Libya

Characterization of the O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001d foot‐and‐mouth disease virus epidemic recorded in the Maghreb during 2014–2015

Foot and Mouth Disease in North Africa: Epidemiology and Control Strategies

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