Characterization of the Photon Counting CHASE Jr., Chip Built in a 40-nm CMOS Process With a Charge Sharing Correction Algorithm Using a Collimated X-Ray Beam

Krzyżanowska, Aleksandra; Deptuch, G.; Maj, P.; Gryboś, P.; Szczygieł, R.

doi:10.1109/tns.2017.2734821

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The simulations performed have common assumptions derived from the previous experiments with a pixelated chip bonded to a sensor [8,14]. The charge spread between pixels was modelled with the Gaussian distribution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Algorithms enabling detection of a photon irrespective of the charge-sharing effect were proposed to overcome these limitations [1]. The solutions implemented on-chip include the process of reconstructing charge and assigning a hit to a single pixel with the largest charge deposition [7][8][9] or, alternatively, the pattern recognition technique [10] and finding the centre of the charge cloud gravity [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opto-Electronics Review

Krzyżanowska,

Szczygieł

2021

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Hybrid pixel radiation detectors with a direct photon-to-charge conversion working in a single photon counting mode have gained increasing attention due to their high dynamic range and noiseless imaging. Since sensors of different materials can be attached to readout electronics, they enable work with a wide range of photon energies. The charge-sharing effect observed in segmented devices, such as hybrid pixel detectors, is a phenomenon that deteriorates both spatial resolution and detection efficiency. Algorithms that allow the detection of a photon irrespective of the charge-sharing effect are proposed to overcome these limitations. However, the spatial resolution of the detector can be further improved beyond the resolution determined by the pixel size if information about the charge proportions collected by neighbouring pixels is used to approximate the interaction position. In the article, an approach to achieve a subpixel resolution in a hybrid pixel detector working in the single photon counting mode is described. Requirements and limitations of digital inter-pixel algorithms which can be implemented on-chip are studied. In the simulations, the factors influencing the detector resolution are evaluated, including size of a charge cloud, number of virtual pixel subdivisions, and detector parameters.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opto-Electronics Review

Krzyżanowska,

Szczygieł

2021

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“…Attempts have been made to compensate for CSEs in electronics so that the spatial resolution advantages of smaller pixels can be maintained without the associated loss of spectral resolution. These approaches usually involve some form of charge-sharing correction algorithm (CSCA), which may be implemented either in the analogue domain prior to thresholding [71,72] or in the digital domain post thresholding [73,74].…”

Section: X-csi-specific Design Considerations/limitations and Their Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of X-ray Photon Counting Spectral Imaging (x-CSI) with a Focus on Gold Nanoparticle Quantification in Oncology

Scienti

Darambara

2021

J. Imaging

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This review article offers an overview of the differences between traditional energy integrating (EI) X-ray imaging and the new technique of X-ray photon counting spectral imaging (x-CSI). The review is motivated by the need to image gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in vivo if they are to be used clinically to deliver a radiotherapy dose-enhancing effect (RDEE). The aim of this work is to familiarise the reader with x-CSI as a technique and to draw attention to how this technique will need to develop to be of clinical use for the described oncological applications. This article covers the conceptual differences between x-CSI and EI approaches, the advantages of x-CSI, constraints on x-CSI system design, and the achievements of x-CSI in AuNP quantification. The results of the review show there are still approximately two orders of magnitude between the AuNP concentrations used in RDEE applications and the demonstrated detection limits of x-CSI. Two approaches to overcome this were suggested: changing AuNP design or changing x-CSI system design. Optimal system parameters for AuNP detection and general spectral performance as determined by simulation studies were different to those used in the current x-CSI systems, indicating potential gains that may be made with this approach.

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“…Several charge sharing compensation algorithms were developed and implemented [2,3]. Most of the algorithms sum charge from four neighbouring pixels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of new charge summing and hit allocation algorithm

Jirsa¹,

Havránek²,

Jakovenko³

2020

Proceedings of Topical Workshop on Electronics for Particle Physics — PoS(TWEPP2019)

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Modern VLSI technology allows the development of new class X-ray imaging detectors capableof capturing an image in various energy ranges in one shot. Such spectroscopic imaging detectorshave a high demand for the spatial and energy resolution of individual photons. With decreasing size of pixels, the charge cloud generated by the primary photon interaction, and in high-Zmaterials also by the fluorescent photon interaction, is shared across several pixels. That limitsboth spatial and spectroscopy resolution. This paper presents a novel charge summing algorithmcalled Winner-Master-Slave and describes the functionality, implementation, and simulation ofthe proposed algorithm in Verilog-AMS.

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Characterization of the Photon Counting CHASE Jr., Chip Built in a 40-nm CMOS Process With a Charge Sharing Correction Algorithm Using a Collimated X-Ray Beam

Cited by 23 publications

References 16 publications

Opto-Electronics Review

Opto-Electronics Review

An Overview of X-ray Photon Counting Spectral Imaging (x-CSI) with a Focus on Gold Nanoparticle Quantification in Oncology

Simulation of new charge summing and hit allocation algorithm

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