Characterization of the Probing and Feeding Behavior ofPlanococcus citri(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Grapevine

Abstract

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Surface Waxes as a Plant Defense Barrier Towards Grain Aphid

“…The recorded EPGs from ten aphids probing were stored on a computer hard disc, using STYLET 2.2 software and analysed in terms of number and duration of the EPG waveforms, as classified by Tjallingii (1994): np pattern (non-probing, aphids cannot start probing), C pattern (pathway phase; penetration of peripheral tissues -epidermis and mesophyll), E1 pattern (salivation into sieve elements), E2 pattern (ingestion of phloem sap) and G pattern (ingestion of xylem sap). The EPG patterns generated by the aphids feeding on plants were used to interpret the patterns generated on the diets (Sauvion et al, 2004;Cid and Fereres, 2010). In waveform np, the aphids stylet is outside the diet (analogous to the stylet being outside the plant).…”

Vector mediated transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum and epidemiological consequences

“…The new pseudo-pd waveform has not been reported previously for psyllids, although these waveforms resemble the pseudo-pds described for the mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) in grapevines (Cid and Fereres, 2010). Our work showed that the pseudo-pd waveforms are not related to the real potential drops waveforms described for aphids, whiteflies, or mealybugs ( Tjallingii, 1985;Janssen et al, 1989;Johnson and Walker, 1999;Jiang et al, 2000).…”

“…We introduce the term 'pseudo-potential drop' according to Cid & Fereres (2010) to describe short lowered voltage periods that were occasionally observed during waveform C1 (Figures 2A,B). These pseudo-pds are characterized by a sharp drop of the voltage level, reaching values close to zero after which a low-amplitude saw tooth pattern is maintained (7-16 Hz) for 2-11 s, followed by a return to the level and waveform of C1 ( Figure 2B).…”

Probing behavior of Dysmicoccus brevipes mealybug in pineapple plants1

“…Waveforms and patterns were classified according to the system described by Calatayud et al (1994), Santa-Cecília (2003) and Cid & Fereres (2010). Probing behaviors consisted of 62 parameters related to feeding events, but only those considered relevant to the specific objectives of this research are presented here: number of probes, non-probing time, time to the first probe, pathway phase (pattern "C"), xylem phase (pattern "G"), pathway + xylem phase, mealybugs showing phloem phase, phloem phase (pattern "E"), time to reach the phloem phase from the first probe, time to reach the phloem phase in the probe and hours until the phloem is reached.…”

“…This technique has been previously used to study the probing behavior of several sucking insects (Calatayud et al 1994, Kindt et al 2006, Miranda et al 2009, Cid & Fereres 2010, Lazzarotto et al 2011, Liu et al 2013, Moraes et al 2013, Santa-Cecília et al 2013, plant resistance (Crompton & Ode 2010) and viral transmission (Tjallingii & Prado 2001, Fereres & Moreno 2009). …”