Characterization of type 1 poliovirus by electrophoretic analysis

Mandel, Benjamin

doi:10.1016/0042-6822(71)90369-2

Cited by 114 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It was interesting that poliovirus required less chlorine for 99-99 % inactivation at pH 4 and 7 7 than at pH 6 8, which suggests that the virus was more stable at a pH close to one of its suggested isoelectric points, pH 7 0 (Mandel, 1971). This may imply that the effect of pH on inactivation kinetics is not only on the chlorine species predominant in the system but also on the ionic state of the virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of viruses in municipal effluent by chlorine

Hajenian

Butler

1980

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThe influence of pH and temperature on the efficiency of chlorine inactivation of two unrelated picornaviruses in a typical urban wastewater effluent was examined. Temperature, unlike pH, had relatively little effect on the rate of inactivation. The pH effect was complex and the two viruses differed. The f2 coliphage was more sensitive to chlorine at low pH, but at all values there was a threshold above which additional chlorine resulted in very rapid inactivation. The amount of chlorine required for this was less at low than at high pH, although at pH values above 7 the extent of inactivation was about the same. There was no apparent correlation between pH and rate of inactivation of poliovirus but there was a suggestion that at a pH close to the isoelectric point of the virus it was less sensitive to chlorination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of viruses in municipal effluent by chlorine

Hajenian

Butler

1980

J. Hyg.

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“…The p] (isoelectric pH) is lowered to 4-0 to 5.5 (B zone of the pH gradient) after acidification before focusing, after mild heating or u.v. inactivation (Mandel, 1971), and after treatment with a neutralizing antiserum (Mandel, 1976). Based on the latter finding, Mandel (1976Mandel ( , 1978 hypothesized that the neutralization of poliovirus occurred by means of stabilization of the virions in a biologically inactive conformation focusing in the B zone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isoelectric focusing columns were filled with a 1 to 39% sucrose gradient containing 3% ampholytes (Ampholine 3.5 to 10. LKB) essentially as described by Mandel (1971). A pH gradient was formed during a 2 h prerun at 4 °C under a constant power (4 W) and variable voltage (up to 2000 V).…”

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confidence: 99%

Lack of Quantitative Correlation between the Neutralization of Poliovirus and the Antibody-mediated pI Shift of the Virions

Brioen

Thomas

Boeyé

1985

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYThe effect of mono-and polyclonal antibodies on the infectivity and pI (isoelectric pH) of type 1 poliovirus was studied. According to Mandel's hypothesis, the isoelectric pH of poliovirus should change to about pI 4 upon neutralization. However, several antibodies did not follow this rule. Moreover, when antibodies did shift the pI, no quantitative correlation existed between the extent of neutralization and the amount of poliovirus shifted to low pI. Native poliovirus focuses at approximately pH 7. The p] (isoelectric pH) is lowered to 4-0 to 5.5 (B zone of the pH gradient) after acidification before focusing, after mild heating or u.v. inactivation (Mandel, 1971), and after treatment with a neutralizing antiserum (Mandel, 1976). Based on the latter finding, Mandel (1976Mandel ( , 1978 hypothesized that the neutralization of poliovirus occurred by means of stabilization of the virions in a biologically inactive conformation focusing in the B zone.According to this model, three predictions can be made. When partly neutralized virus is submitted to isoelectric focusing, (i) virus recovered from the A zone should be fully infectious, (ii) virus recovered from the B zone should be non-infectious, and (iii) the fraction of virus focusing in the A zone should be equal to the virus survival ratio. Mandel (1976) reported an excellent correlation between the amount of virus focusing in the A zone and the survival ratio, in agreement with prediction (iii). However, the quantitative data concerned only a single serum.Recently, it was reported (Emini et al., 1983a, b;Icenogle et al., 1983) that the pI shift could also be induced by monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs); however, no quantitative data were presented to test for Mandel's hypothesis. Moreover, these reports also mentioned cases of neutralization by both mono-and polyclonal antibodies without concomitant shift in the isoelectric pH of the virus.The apparent absence of a pI shift with some neutralizing antibodies prompted us to investigate the quantitative correlation between the antibody-mediated pl shift and the neutralization of poliovirus. Five different antibody preparations will be discussed. We used Mandel's original focusing technique, slightly modified by prelbrmation of the pH gradient before introduction of the virus (Vrijsen et aL, 1983).The Nl-specific IgG2a-~c antibody, MoAb 35-1f4 Brioen et al., 1982), was shown to neutralize poliovirus by antibody-mediated aggregation (Brioen et al., 1983). Immunoglobulins were purified from ascitic fluids by ammonium sulphate precipitation. Part of this preparation was 14C-labelled by reductive methylation (A. A. M. Thomas et al., unpublished), and the fraction of poliovirus-specific immunoglobulin was determined by ultracentrifugation of a mixture of antibody and excess poliovirus. As 58 ~ of the 1"C co-sedimented with the viral material, this fraction of the immunoglobulin was considered to represent poliovirus-specific antibody.At the antibody/virus ratio of 12:1, the virus was neutralized by 95~, but its pI...

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“…High pH has been generally found to interfere with virus-solid interactions, and solutions buffered at pH 9-11.5 have been used to elute viruses from membrane filters (1). At high pH values, both the filter and the virus have net negative charges (4,5), so attractive forces should be minimal. However, many solutions fail to elute viruses even at high pH (6,7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of chaotropic and antichaotropic agents on elution of poliovirus adsorbed on membrane filters.

Farrah¹,

Shah²,

Ingram³

1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The association of poliovirus with membrane filters results from both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. At low pH, electrostatic interactions appear to dominate. However, at high pH, hydrophobic interactions appear to dominate with both Mfllipore and Zeta plus filters. With both filters, viral elution was prevented at high pH by the presence ofantichaotropic salts, which strengthen hydrophobic associations. This effect was antagonized by detergents and by chaotropic salts, which weaken hydrophobic associations. Excellent correlation was observed between viral elution, the solubilization of adenine, and the micelleformation process in the presence ofchaotropic and antichaotropic agents. Such simple measurements of the relative ability of solvents to accomodate hydrophobic groups may be of predictive value in designing methods for concentration and purification of viruses. The hythesis that hydrophobic interactions are the primary force involved in the stabilization ofvirus attachment at high pH is consistent with observations that cannot be explained by consideration of electrostatic interactions as the major stabilizing factor. difficult to explain solely on the basis ofsuch electrostatic interactions. For example, solutions of beefextract or casein at pH 9 are capable ofeluting viruses associated with Millipore and Zeta plus membrane filters. However, solutions of hydrolyzed protein (casamino acids) or of an individual amino acid (aspartic acid) at the same concentration and pH do not elute viruses from these filters (7). Further, the nonionic compound urea (7) and the detergents sodium lauryl sulfate and Tween 80 (1, 8) promote elution ofvirus.In an attempt to explain the variable effects of different solutions on the elution ofviruses from membrane filters, we have explored hydrophobic interactions as an alternative to the hypothesis of electrostatic interactions for viral retention at high pH. In these studies, we examined the effects ofchaotropic and antichaotropic salts (9) on the elution of viruses adsorbed to membrane filters.

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Characterization of type 1 poliovirus by electrophoretic analysis

Cited by 114 publications

References 21 publications

Inactivation of viruses in municipal effluent by chlorine

Inactivation of viruses in municipal effluent by chlorine

Lack of Quantitative Correlation between the Neutralization of Poliovirus and the Antibody-mediated pI Shift of the Virions

Effects of chaotropic and antichaotropic agents on elution of poliovirus adsorbed on membrane filters.

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