Inactivation of viruses in municipal effluent by chlorine

Hajenian, H.; Butler, Michael

doi:10.1017/s0022172400026528

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…FRNA bacteriophage was clearly the organism most resistant to disinfection by chlorination. The resistant nature of FRNA bacteriophage has also been recognized by other workers (6,7,10,27). It follows from the results described here that neither E. coli nor enterococci are adequate indicators of virus removal during sewage disinfection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Chlorination of Indicator Bacteria and Viruses in Primary Sewage Effluent

Tree

Adams

Lees

2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

151

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Wastewater disinfection is used in many countries for reducing fecal coliform levels in effluents. Disinfection is therefore frequently used to improve recreational bathing waters which do not comply with microbiological standards. It is unknown whether human enteric viruses (which are responsible for waterborne disease) are simultaneously inactivated alongside fecal coliforms. This laboratory study focused on the chlorination of primary treated effluent with three doses (8, 16, and 30 mg/liter) of free chlorine as sodium hypochlorite. Seeding experiments showed that inactivation (>5 log 10 units) of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis was rapid and complete but that there was poor inactivation (0.2 to 1.0 log 10 unit) of F ؉ -specific RNA (FRNA) bacteriophage (MS2) (a potential virus indicator) at all three doses. However, seeded poliovirus was significantly more susceptible (2.8 log 10 units) to inactivation by chlorine than was the FRNA bacteriophage. To ensure that these results were not artifacts of the seeding process, comparisons were made between inactivation rates of laboratory-seeded organisms in sterilized sewage and inactivation rates of organisms occurring naturally in sewage. Multifactorial analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the inactivation rates for seeded and naturally occurring FRNA bacteriophage. However, laboratory-grown poliovirus was inactivated much more rapidly than were naturally occurring, indigenous enteroviruses (P < 0.001). This may reflect differences in the way indigenous virus is presented to the disinfectant. Inactivation rates for indigenous enteroviruses were quite similar to those seen for FRNA bacteriophage at lower doses of chlorine. These results have significance for the effectiveness of chlorination as a sewage treatment process, particularly where virus contamination is of concern, and suggest that FRNA bacteriophage would be an appropriate indicator of such viral inactivation under field conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Chlorination of Indicator Bacteria and Viruses in Primary Sewage Effluent

Tree

Adams

Lees

2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

151

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“…The apparatus and methods are described in a previous report (Hajenian & Butler, 1980). All experiments were conducted at 15 0C and pH 6.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The collection and storage of the effluent from the Guildford Sewage Treatment Plant and its characteristics have been described previously (Hajenian & Butler, 1980).…”

Section: Effluentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of f2 coliphage in municipal effluent by the use of various disinfectants

Hajenian

Butler

1980

J. Hyg.

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Bromine chloride, chlorine and peracetic acid inactivated f2 coliphages in effluent but in order to achieve 99.99% inactivation the three disinfectants were required at about 1, 10 and 100 mg/l respectively. The activity of chlorine was halved by the presence of added organic matter, whereas bromine chloride and peracetic acid were very little affected. When a second successive dose of virus was added to the reaction mixture, the virus was inactivated only by peracetic acid despite the fact that in the chlorine-treated effluent residual chlorine was detected. The addition of a second dose of disinfectant inactivated residual virus in the same way as the first dose.

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“…Virus that has not been removed from or inactivated in the liquid phase must be controlled by terminal disinfection. Whether a chemical, such as chlorine or ozone, or UV is applied at this point, virus inactivation will be complete only if the wastewater has been adequately treated and the disinfectant dose is sufficient (Hajenian and Butler 1980;Hartemann et al 1983;Olivieri et al 1983;Tree et al 1997;Warriner et al 1985). Carry-over solids, and even some solutes, can interfere with disinfection (Babich and Stotzky 1980).…”

Section: Waste Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Viral Contamination of Food and Environment

Cliver

2008

Food Environ Virol

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Viruses are often transmitted via food and the environment. Contamination may be controlled either by preventing its occurrence or by inactivating the contaminating virus. The majority of agents transmitted in this way are human enteric viruses, produced either in the intestines or the liver. They are shed in human feces (noroviruses also in vomitus) in a broad range of circumstances, and they are relatively stable outside the host. Non-enteric viruses are less often transmitted via foods and are generally less environmentally stable. Insofar as vaccines are available, they are able to prevent fecal shedding. Viruses shed in feces via the water-carriage toilet may be eliminated by proper treatment and disinfection of the wastewater. In the foods context, the most effective antiviral measures are cooking and hand washing. Detection methods are most useful after the fact, in investigating outbreaks and devising preventive measures.

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Inactivation of viruses in municipal effluent by chlorine

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Chlorination of Indicator Bacteria and Viruses in Primary Sewage Effluent

Chlorination of Indicator Bacteria and Viruses in Primary Sewage Effluent

Inactivation of f2 coliphage in municipal effluent by the use of various disinfectants

Control of Viral Contamination of Food and Environment

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