Characterization of urban aerosol: seasonal variation of mutagenicity and genotoxicity of PM 2.5 , PM 1 and semi-volatile organic compounds

Genotoxicity of airborne PM2.5 assessed by salmonella and comet assays in five cities of the Emilia‐Romagna (Italy) mutagenicity monitoring network

“…In Figure we show the data from the Salmonella tests carried out on OEs of every sampling month from 2012 to 2015. These results show that the total, direct and indirect mutagenicity is higher in winter and autumn than in summer samples, as is well‐known in both literature and our experience [Poli et al, ; Cassoni et al, ; Bocchi et al, ; IARC, ].…”

“…In Figure 3 we show the data from the Salmonella tests carried out on OEs of every sampling month from 2012 to 2015. These results show that the total, direct and indirect mutagenicity is higher in winter and autumn than in summer samples, as is well-known in both literature and our experience [Poli et al, 1999;Cassoni et al, 2004;Bocchi et al, 2016;IARC, 2016]. Nevertheless, all the studies and comparisons among mutagenicity, genotoxicity and chemical-physical properties of particles, shown in this article, are carried out on January, July and November samples.…”

“…Furthermore our previous study [Bocchi et al, ] showed that the genotoxicity of aerosol, assessed with Comet and Micronucleus assay, is induced by the gas phase, whereas the particulate phase is gene mutagen in Salmonella. These results confirm that a single technique is not enough to assess the mutagenicity and the genotoxicity of complex mixtures and reveal that it's still difficult to assign mutagenic and genotoxic capability to chemical classes of airborne pollutants, as PM is a mixture of thousands of compounds that can undergo various interactions (additive, synergistic, or antagonistic) that might enhance or diminish the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of air pollution [Gábelová et al, ].…”

Haze pollution in winter and summer in Zibo, a heavily industrialized city neighboring the Jin-Jin-Ji area of China: source, formation, and implications

“…This difference was also found by Sun et al 2015. The lower contribution of OM to particles during warm days may be caused by the volatility of some semi-volatile organic constituents (Cousins et al, 1999), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (Bocchi et al, 2016). The higher ratio of sulfate in summer is attributable to the intense photochemistry, high temperature, and RH in this season.…”

Spatial estimation of air PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions using activity data, local emission factors and land cover derived from satellite imagery

“…The presence of PM 2.5 is linked to increased morbidity and mortality risk, especially in incidences of various cardiopulmonary diseases (Chen et al, 2008;Lin et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2013), birth defects (Goto et al, 2016), and cancer (Cassidy et al, 2007). PM 2.5 pollution is also considered carcinogenic, especially exposure to the finest fractions (ultrafine particles) (Bocchi et al, 2016). This can be attributed to particles acting as carriers of mutagenic and genotoxic compounds (Chen et al, 2016).…”