Characterization of vehicle emissions in Vancouver BC during the 1993 Lower Fraser Valley Oxidants Study

Abstract

Abstract-As part of the 1993 Lower Fraser Valley Oxidants Study, measurements of mobile source emission factors were performed in the Cassiar Tunnel on the Trans-Canada Highway to measure the on-road contribution to the ozone-forming precursors (NO, and speciated hydrocarbons) along with CO. ObSe~ed emission factors were compared to the Canadian versions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency' s MOBILE models, MOBILE4.1C and MOBILESC, to assess uncertainty in the predicted mobile source contributions to the Vancouver emissions inventory.A total of 16 l-h runs were made. The timing of the individual runs was designed to encompass different traffic volumes, driving conditions, and times of day. A total of 24,513 vehicles traversed the tunnel during the study, with approximately 91% light-duty vehicles, 4% heavy-duty spark ignition vehicles, and 5% heavy-duty dim1 vehicles. MOBILESC overpredicted the observed value of CO by -2%, NMHC by 24%, and NO, by 13%, while MOBILE4.1C underpredicted the observed values by 36,29, and 23% for CO, NMHC, and NO, respectively. @ 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment

“…Tunnels, parking garages, vehicle staging areas, and isolated but heavily traveled roadways are often used to obtain samples for motor vehicle exhaust. Tunnels are especially useful for this because a large number of vehicles can be evaluated with little interference from sources other than suspended road dust Brachaczek, 1976, 1983;Chang et al, 1981;Hering et al, 1984;Miguel, 1984;Lonneman et al, 1986;Benner et al, 1989;Dannecker et al, 1990;Pierson et al, 1990Pierson et al, , 1996Zielinska and Fung, 1994;Khalili et al, 1995;Barrefors, 1996;Bishop et al, 1996;Duffy and Nelson, 1996;Gertler and Pierson, 1996;Moeckli et al, 1996;Gertler et al, 1997;Weingartner et al, 1997;Fraser et al, 1998;Gillies et al, 1998Gillies et al, , 2001Rogak et al, 1998;Staehelin et al, 1998). Using short-duration sourcedominated samples, Rheingrover and Gordon (1988) and Annegarn et al (1992) characterized several point sources using ambient sampling downwind of the source.…”

Source Profiles and Ozone Formation Potentials of Volatile Organic Compounds in Three Traffic Tunnels in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

“…[10][11][12][13][14][15] Work has also recently been done in traffic tunnels to obtain the hydrocarbon speciation of vehicle emissions. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Kaohsiung, in the south, is the second largest city in Taiwan with an area of 153.6 km 2 and a population of 1.49 million. Furthermore, about half of Taiwan's middle and heavy industries are located either in or around the city, including the petroleum, refinery, chemical, plastic, steel-making, and power-generation industries, such that the air quality in the Kaohsiung metropolitan area and in its two neighboring counties (Kaohsiung County and Ping-Tong County) has long been the worst on the island.…”

Real-World Measurements of Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions in the Cassiar Tunnel Predicted by Chemical Mass Balance Modeling

“…On e of th e early tu n n el exp erim en ts p erform ed du rin g th e Sou th ern Californ ia Air Qu ality Stu dy (SCAQS) in dicated that the EMFAC m odel was perform in g reason ably well for th e p rediction of NO x em ission factors bu t was u n derestim atin g VOC an d CO em ission factors to a sign ifican t exten t, by a factor of 2-4 (3). Sin ce th en , several up dates h ave been m ade to th e em ission factor m odels, an d several oth er tu n n el stu dies h ave been p erform ed (5,6). Som e of th ese m ore recen t stu dies in dicate th at th e n ewer version s of th e em ission factor m odels are n o lon ger u n derestim atin g to su ch a great exten t an d m ay in fact be overestim atin g u n der certain con dition s.…”

“…C, du rin g th e 1993 Lower Fraser Valley Oxidan ts Stu dy. A p reviou s p u blication h as ou tlin ed th e gen eral fin din gs of th at stu dy for NO x , n on -m eth an e h ydrocarbon s (NMHC), an d CO em ission factors (6). In th is p ap er, we exten d th ose fin din gs to fu rth er focu s on NMHCs an d to rep ort realworld em ission factors of decon volu ted exh au st an d evap orative NMHC em ission s an d to com p are th em to em ission factors calcu lated with th e Can adian version s of the U.S. EPAMOBILE m odels, MOBILE4.1C an d MOBILE5C.…”