Characterization of ZnO, ${\rm BaF}_{2}$ and ${\rm PbWO}_{4}$ Scintillator Detectors for Cargo Inspection Using Transmitted X-ray Spectroscopy

Sinha, S.; Kwong, J.; Langeveld, W. G.J.; Ryge, P.

doi:10.1109/tns.2013.2241451

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Magnetron sputtering is one of the most mature and widely-used deposition technologies in industry, which has been extensively used for metal, semiconductors, and insulators [2]. As mentioned above, ZnO:Ga has excellent scintillation properties, and it is attractive as a scintillation crystal for detecting high-energy rays and particles [9]. However, there are some challenges for ZnO:Ga, such as how to solve problems of low interaction probability and low luminous efficiency when thin film scintillators detect X-rays and γ-rays [12,13], how to reduce the self-absorption effect, how to increase its light yield, and how to discover the scintillation mechanism in the visible light region [3,17].…”

Section: Magnetron Sputteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, ZnO has a high density of 5.61 g/cm 3 , which is less than that of conventional heavy-metal oxide scintillators but greater than that of plastic scintillators [6], resulting in a relatively low gamma-ray stopping power [7], and its fluorescence decay lifetime near ultraviolet exciton emission is only several hundreds of picoseconds [8]. Accordingly, ZnO is attractive for detecting high-energy rays and particles, such as X-rays, γ-rays, and α-particles with ultrafast response time in the environment with high radiation and high temperature [9,10]. However, the thickness of a thin-film scintillator is usually required to be 1-3 µm [11], which has a very low luminous efficiency and low interaction probability, and it is not conducive to high-energy detection of X-rays and γ-rays [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, several proposed theories can explain the cause of luminescence in the visible light region at present, and there is no agreement on the luminescence mechanism yet [37,38], so how to explore the scintillation mechanism of ZnO and how to improve its light yield have become the research focus all over the world [3]. As mentioned above, ZnO:Ga has excellent scintillation properties, and it is attractive as a scintillation crystal for detecting high-energy rays and particles [9]. However, there are some challenges for ZnO:Ga, such as how to solve problems of low interaction probability and low luminous efficiency when thin film scintillators detect X-rays and γ-rays [12,13], how to reduce the self-absorption effect, how to increase its light yield, and how to discover the scintillation mechanism in the visible light region [3,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetron Sputtering for ZnO:Ga Scintillation Film Production and Its Application Research Status in Nuclear Detection

2019

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As a wide band-gap and direct transition semiconductor material, ZnO has good scintillation performance and strong radiation resistance, but it also has a serious self-absorption phenomenon that affects its light output. After being doped with Ga, it can be used for the scintillator of ultra-fast scintillating detectors to detect X-ray, gamma, neutron, and charged particles with extremely fast response and high light output. Firstly, the basic properties, defects, and scintillation mechanism of ZnO crystals are introduced. Thereafter, magnetron sputtering, one of the most attractive production methods for producing ZnO:Ga film, is introduced including the principle of magnetron sputtering and its technical parameters’ influence on the performance of ZnO:Ga. Finally, ZnO:Ga film’s application research status is presented as a scintillation material in the field of radiation detection, and it is concluded that some problems need to be urgently solved for its wider application.

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Section: Magnetron Sputteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetron Sputtering for ZnO:Ga Scintillation Film Production and Its Application Research Status in Nuclear Detection

2019

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“…6. We further note that the peak attributed by Sinha et al (2013) to 40 K is instead due to the 210 Po α peak. Fig.…”

Section: Scintillators and Reflector Materialsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…During previous research, Sinha et al (2013) concluded that lead tungstate (PbWO 4 ) is possible candidate; Since PbWO 4 has low light output, one needs photo-detectors with some gain, such as Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) or Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) to overcome electronics noise. SiPMs are also referred to as Solid-State Photomultipliers (SSPMs) or Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC) by some manufacturers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Tungstate and Silicon Photomultipliers for Transmission Z-spectroscopy in Cargo Inspection Systems

Langeveld¹,

Janecek²

2015

Physics Procedia

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The bremsstrahlung X-ray spectrum in high-energy, high-intensity X-ray cargo inspection systems is attenuated and modified by cargo materials depending on the cargo atomic number (Z). Spectroscopy of transmitted x rays is thus useful to measure the approximate Z of the cargo. Due to the broad features of the energy spectrum, excellent energy resolution is not required. Such "Z-Spectroscopy" (Z-SPEC) is possible at low enough count rates. A statistical approach, Z-SCAN (Z-determination by Statistical Count-rate ANalysis), can also be used, complementing Z-SPEC at high count rates. Both approaches require fast Xray detectors and fast digitizers. Z-SPEC, in particular, benefits from very fast scintillators, in order to avoid signal pile-up. Preferentially, Z-SPEC, Z-SCAN and cargo imaging are implemented in a single detector array to reduce system cost, weight, and complexity. To preserve good spatial resolution of the imaging subsystem, dense scintillators are required. Previously, we studied ZnO, BaF 2 and PbWO 4 , as well as suitable photo-detectors, read-out electronics and digitizers. ZnO is not suitable because it self-absorbs its scintillation light. BaF 2 emits in the UV, either requiring fast wavelength shifters or UVsensitive solid state read-out devices, and it also has a long decay time component. PbWO 4 is currently the most attractive choice because it does not have these problems, but it is significantly slower and has low light output. There is thus a need for alternative fast high-density scintillators that emit visible light. Alternatively, there is a need for a fast solid-state read-out device that is sensitive to UV light for use with BaF 2 , or other UV-emitting scintillators. Here, we present results of tests performed with PbWO 4 crystals, reflector materials and silicon photomultipliers.

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Proposed New Accelerator Design for Homeland Security X-Ray Applications

Clayton

Shedlock

Langeveld³

et al. 2015

Physics Procedia

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Characterization of ZnO, ${\rm BaF}_{2}$ and ${\rm PbWO}_{4}$ Scintillator Detectors for Cargo Inspection Using Transmitted X-ray Spectroscopy

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Magnetron Sputtering for ZnO:Ga Scintillation Film Production and Its Application Research Status in Nuclear Detection

Magnetron Sputtering for ZnO:Ga Scintillation Film Production and Its Application Research Status in Nuclear Detection

Lead Tungstate and Silicon Photomultipliers for Transmission Z-spectroscopy in Cargo Inspection Systems

Proposed New Accelerator Design for Homeland Security X-Ray Applications

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