Characterizing the Complex Two N‐Wave Ionospheric Signature of the 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake

Li, Justin D.; Rude, Cody; Pankratius, Victor

doi:10.1029/2018ja025376

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A strong second packet arrives shortly after, due to prior reflection. Similar waveforms were reported above the weaker 2016 Kaikoura EQ (Li et al, ), where leading nonlinear waves were observed before a weaker, trailing packet; the dominant features of these signatures may be explained simply by dispersion, steepening, and reflection (see Figures 7 and 9 of Zettergren et al, ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Latitude and Longitude Dependence of Ionospheric TEC and Magnetic Perturbations From Infrasonic‐Acoustic Waves Generated by Strong Seismic Events

Zettergren

Snively

2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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A numerical study of the effects of seismically generated acoustic waves in the ionosphere is conducted using a three‐dimensional (3‐D) ionospheric model driven by an axisymmetric neutral atmospheric model. A source consistent with the 2011 Tohoku earthquake initial ocean surface uplifting is applied to simulate the subsequent responses. Perturbations in electron density, ion drift, total electron content (TEC), and ground‐level magnetic fields are examined. Results reveal strong latitude and longitude dependence of ionospheric TEC, and of ground‐level magnetic field perturbations associated with acoustic wave‐driven ionospheric dynamo currents. Results also demonstrate that prior two‐dimensional models can capture dominant meridional responses of TEC over latitude, even though dynamics at other longitudes are not resolved. Conclusions support that TEC and magnetic signatures can arise from nonlinear acoustic waves generated by strong earthquakes; simulations elucidate the comprehensive physics of their 3‐D ionospheric responses.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Latitude and Longitude Dependence of Ionospheric TEC and Magnetic Perturbations From Infrasonic‐Acoustic Waves Generated by Strong Seismic Events

Zettergren

Snively

2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…CSID can be detected in the vicinity of an earthquake's epicenter but also up to 6,000–8,000 km away from it. The near‐field CSID represent ionospheric response to acoustic waves generated directly by coseismic vertical crustal displacements (e.g., Afraimovich et al, ; Afraimovich et al, ; Afraimovich et al, ; Astafyeva & Heki, ; Cahyadi & Heki, ; Calais & Minster, , ; Heki & Ping, ; Jin et al, ; Komjathy et al, ; Li et al, ; Lognonné et al, ; Zettergren & Snively, ). The far‐field CSID are usually associated with the propagation of the Rayleigh surface waves (Astafyeva et al, ; Ducic et al, ; Kakinami et al, ; Liu, Tsai, Ma, et al, ; Rolland et al, ; Jin et al, ) or of the air surface waves (Astafyeva & Afraimovich, ; Liu, Tsai, Chen, et al, ).…”

Section: Ionospheric Response To Earthquakes and Tsunamismentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards

Astafyeva

2019

Reviews of Geophysics

221

167

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Natural hazards (NH), such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe tropospheric weather events, generate acoustic and gravity waves that propagate upward and cause perturbations in the atmosphere and ionosphere. The first NH-related ionospheric disturbances were detected after the great 1964 Alaskan earthquake by ionosondes and Doppler sounders. Since then, many other observations confirmed the responsiveness of the ionosphere to NH. Within the last two decades, outstanding progress has been made in this area owing to the development of networks of ground-based dual-frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. The use of GNSS-sounding has substantially enlarged our knowledge about the solid earth/ocean/atmosphere/ionosphere coupling and NH-related ionospheric disturbances and their main features. Moreover, recent results have demonstrated that it is possible to localize NH from their ionospheric signatures and also, if/when applicable, to obtain the information about the NH source (i.e., the source location and extension and the source onset time). Although all these results were obtained in retrospective studies, they have opened an exciting possibility for future ionosphere-based detection and monitoring of NH in near-real time. This article reviews the recent developments in the area of ionospheric detection of earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, and it discusses the future perspectives for this novel discipline. Plain Language SummaryThe ionosphere is the ionized region of the Earth's atmosphere that is located between~60 and~800 km of altitude. The ionosphere is largely impacted by the solar and magnetic activities, as well as by the neutral atmosphere. Besides these large-scale and global processes influencing from above, the ionosphere can be more "locally" perturbed from below by geophysical phenomena (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe tropospheric weather events) and by man-made events (e.g., explosions, rocket and missile launches, and mine blasts). From below, the disturbances arrive in the ionosphere as acoustic and gravity waves. Upon their upward propagation, these waves grow in amplitude up to a million times owing to the exponential decrease of the atmospheric density with height. Consequently, the acoustic and gravity waves generated at the Earth's surface may provoke significant perturbations in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. In the ionosphere, the perturbations can be detected by ionospheric sounding tools, such as GNSS receivers, ionosondes, and airglow cameras.

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“…Several studies reported the characteristics of TEC perturbations generated by coseismic IAWs during the Kaikoura earthquake (Bagiya et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018). We reanalyze observed CIDs, particularly for the purposes of model result validation and to test hypotheses on the Papatea fault evolution.…”

Section: The 2016 M78 Kaikoura Earthquakementioning

confidence: 99%

Inferring the Evolution of a Large Earthquake From Its Acoustic Impacts on the Ionosphere

et al. 2021

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Natural and anthropogenic hazards can be accompanied by the excitation of infrasonic acoustic waves (<20 Hz; hereafter, IAWs) in the Earth's atmosphere (Astafyeva, 2019;Hines, 1960;Press & Harkrider, 1962). Particularly, seismically induced surface deformations are well-known sources of IAWs that are generated at solid-air interfaces (Blanc, 1985;Bolt, 1964). IAW propagation and characteristics are controlled by atmospheric conditions, winds, as well as their nonlinear evolutions, and can be investigated through the analyses of fluctuations they produce in densities, temperatures, and pressures of air and the ionospheric plasma, as discussed below (

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Characterizing the Complex Two N‐Wave Ionospheric Signature of the 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Latitude and Longitude Dependence of Ionospheric TEC and Magnetic Perturbations From Infrasonic‐Acoustic Waves Generated by Strong Seismic Events

Latitude and Longitude Dependence of Ionospheric TEC and Magnetic Perturbations From Infrasonic‐Acoustic Waves Generated by Strong Seismic Events

Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards

Inferring the Evolution of a Large Earthquake From Its Acoustic Impacts on the Ionosphere

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