“…However, it is a relatively succinct means of characterising risks and is based on a certain number of simplifications: (i) effects and exposure are both simplified into a value, which may hide conceptual biases, for example, the fluctuation of exposure concentration; (ii) indirect effects, for example eutrophication, are not easily taken into account. Other risk characterisation methods can be used in certain contexts [19,67,68]: (i) qualitative methods that characterise risk into two or three categories, for example, high/low/medium, most often on the basis of expert judgement [20]. They can be used for comparative approaches (with, for example, two types of contamination), (ii) methods incorporating the global pollutant/response to estimate the level of risk linked to a given exposure level.…”