Characterizing X‐ray activity cycles of young solar‐like stars with solar observations

Abstract

Throughout an activity cycle, magnetic structures rise to the stellar surface, evolve, and decay. Tracing their evolution on a stellar corona allows us to characterize the X-ray cycles. However, directly mapping magnetic structures is feasible only for the Sun, while such structures are spatially unresolved with present-day X-ray instruments on stellar coronae. We present here a new method, implemented by us, that indirectly reproduces the stellar X-ray spectrum and its variability with solar magnetic structures. The technique converts solar corona observations into a format identical to that of stellar X-ray observations and, specifically, spectra of the X-ray satellite XMM-Newton. From matching these synthetic spectra with those observed for a star of interest, a fractional surface coverage with solar magnetic structures can be associated to each X-ray observation. We apply this method to two young solar-like stars: 𝜖 Eri (∼ 400 Myr), the youngest star to display a coronal cycle (∼ 3 yr), and Kepler 63 (∼ 200 Myr), for which the X-ray monitoring did not reveal a cyclic variability. We found that even during the cycle minimum a large portion of 𝜖 Eri's corona is covered with active structures. Therefore, there is little space for additional magnetic regions during the maximum, explaining the small observed cycle amplitude (Δf ∼ 0.12) in terms of the X-ray luminosity. Kepler 63 displays an even higher coverage with magnetic structure than the corona of 𝜖 Eri. This supports the hypothesis that for stars younger than < 400 Myr the X-ray cycles are inhibited by a massive presence of coronal regions.

X-Ray and Ultraviolet Emission of the Young Planet-hosting Star V1298 Tau from Coordinated Observations with XMM-Newton and Hubble Space Telescope

“…A similar amplitude is indicated by our 3 yr time series of the chromospheric Ca II H&K emission, and by comparison of the Si IV resonant doublet in our HST/COS G130M observation with that in a COS G160M spectrum taken 10 months before. This result is consistent with the trend of decreasing amplitude of magnetic activity cycles with increasing stellar high-energy fluxes (Wargelin et al 2017;Coffaro et al 2022).…”