Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices

Boyle, W. S.; Smith, George E.

doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1970.tb01790.x

Cited by 813 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…All electrodes in the upper layer of Fig. 1 act as 3-phase charge-coupled device (CCD) gates 23 , moving all dot electrons in unison -this requires only five independent gate signals: two for horizontal shuttling, two for vertical coupling, and one for dot confinement. The underlying back gates are individually addressable to determine which qubits are involved in each surface code cycle.…”

Section: The Architecture and The Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface code architecture for donors and dots in silicon with imprecise and nonuniform qubit couplings

et al. 2016

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A scaled quantum computer with donor spins in silicon would benefit from a viable semiconductor framework and a strong inherent decoupling of the qubits from the noisy environment. Coupling neighbouring spins via the natural exchange interaction according to current designs requires gate control structures with extremely small length scales. We present a silicon architecture where bismuth donors with long coherence times are coupled to electrons that can shuttle between adjacent quantum dots, thus relaxing the pitch requirements and allowing space between donors for classical control devices. An adiabatic SWAP operation within each donor/dot pair solves the scalability issues intrinsic to exchange-based two-qubit gates, as it does not rely on sub-nanometer precision in donor placement and is robust against noise in the control fields. We use this SWAP together with well established global microwave Rabi pulses and parallel electron shuttling to construct a surface code that needs minimal, feasible local control.

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Section: The Architecture and The Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface code architecture for donors and dots in silicon with imprecise and nonuniform qubit couplings

et al. 2016

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“…Since development of the CCD, 36) several important innovations have occurred. First, in frame transfer CCD, the storage area is covered with an opaque metal film for charge transfer.…”

Section: Fmci Application In Brain Slicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Application and Technology of Functional Multineuron Calcium Imaging

Namiki

Ikegaya

2009

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Here we describe recent applications and technical advancements of functional multineuron calcium imaging (fMCI), which monitors the firing activity of more than a thousand neurons through their somatic Ca 2؉ signals. fMCI is used for analysis of various neural circuits under normal and pathological conditions. In vitro fMCI is made more sophisticated by using multipoint illumination and scanning technology with spinning-disk and low-laser-intensity imaging, electron-multiplying charge-coupled device cameras, etc. In vivo fMCI is still developing. We review optical technologies for fast scanning imaging, deep tissue imaging, and recording from moving animals.Key words calcium imaging; functional multineuron calcium imaging; large-scale recording; scanning; spinning disk Review January 2009 1 Biol. Pharm. Bull. 32(1) 1-9 (2009) © 2009 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan * To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: ikegaya@mol.f.u-tokyo.ac.jp tation is removed with a small aperture called a pinhole which functions as a spatial filter 31) ; that is, light emitted from the focal spot efficiently passes through the pinhole, while the vast majority of emission light arising from the outside area is physically blocked. To acquire a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image of a specimen, the focal spot is moved with servomotor-controlled mirrors called Galvano-mirrors, servomotor-controlled stages, etc. Scanned emission light is detected by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). PMT detects a photon via a photoelectric effect and amplifies the signal 10 5 -10 8 times through multiple charged cathodes, in which an incoming photoelectron produces secondary electrons. The amplified electrons are converted into electric currents by an anode.Nipkow Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy: Spinning Disk with Multi-Pinholes The second implementation is the use of multi-point illumination with many pinholes on a spinning plate termed a Nipkow disk. A rotating spinning disk has multiple pinholes through which laser lines embody multisite focal illumination and detection. The commercially available apparatus, Yokogawa's spinning disk, is further sophisticated. The system uses an additional spinning disk that contains a ca. 20000 microlens array for light convergence on the corresponding pinholes on a Nipkow disk.32) The light focusing also helps reduce scattering light, improving the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, pinholes are strategically aligned in space to achieve uniform illumination over the field of view. 33,34) The latest version of Yokogawa's spinning disk, CSU-X1, is more improved in terms of the light use efficiency, about two-fold higher than the previous version, CSU-10. In CSU-X1, reduction of mechanical noise from its disk-driving part allows realization of 10000 revolutions per minute. Because the helical pinhole distribution covers the whole field of view every 30°of disk rotation, CSU-X1 enables the maximum sampling rate of 2000 Hz.Charge-Coupled Device Technology Spinning disk confocal microscopy simultaneously...

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“…Tapped As a simple example , -i conventional low pass f i l t e r can --be simulated by giving tap 1 the most wei ght ard the following Figure 48. Basically , the CCD concept involves manipulation of charge on the surface of a semiconductor by moving a potential minimum ( Boyle and Smith , 1970) .…”

Section: Correlators For Fluctuation Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%