Charging and emission effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes probed by electric force microscopy

Zdrojek, Mariusz; Mélin, Thierry; Boyaval, Christophe; Stiévenard, D.; Jouault, Benoît; Woźniak, Mariusz; Huczko, A.; Gȩbicki, W.; Adamowicz, Ludwik

doi:10.1063/1.1925782

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[2] that oxide charges play a minor role in our experiments. The discrepancies between our results and those of Zdrojek et al could arise from different sample preparation methods [2,3], different nanotube, or oxide quality. Indeed, it was shown, for example, that hydrogen annealing (as used during our sample preparation by chemical vapor deposition [2]) leads to an important reduction of the oxide trap density [4].…”

Section: Paillet Poncharal and Zahab Replycontrasting

confidence: 99%

Paillet, Poncharal, and Zahab Reply:

Paillet¹,

Poncharal²,

Zahab³

2006

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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Section: Paillet Poncharal and Zahab Replycontrasting

confidence: 99%

Paillet, Poncharal, and Zahab Reply:

Paillet¹,

Poncharal²,

Zahab³

2006

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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“…EFM has been used mainly to probe electric characteristics of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. [40][41][42] Figure 7 shows the topographic images (top) of MWCNT, oxidized-MWCNT and aminated-MWCNT and the corresponding phase images of the lift mode (bottom). The mean diameters are 58 nm, 70 nm and 48 nm for MWCNT, oxidized-MWCNT and aminated-MWCNT, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface properties of oxidized and aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Silva¹,

Ribeiro²,

Seara³

et al. 2012

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

108

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A influência de modificação química (por tratamento ácido seguido de funcionalização com trietilenotetramina, TETA) sobre a superfície de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNT) foi estudada qualitativa e quantitativamente. A análise termogravimétrica (TGA) mostrou que, no caso do nanotubo funcionalizado com amina, 29% de perda de massa pode ser atribuída a -C(=O)TETA e grupos funcionais residuais que contêm oxigênio. A espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X (XPS) foi utilizada para observar as funções aminadas e oxigenadas ligadas covalentemente à superfície do nanotubo. As imagens de microscopia de força elétrica (EFM) indicaram que, à medida que se modifica a química superficial dos nanotubos em presença de ar, estes mostram respostas diferentes em função do potencial da ponta. Deslocamentos nos sinais de fase de EFM decrescem quando se modifica a superfície dos tubos com grupos funcionais contendo oxigênio e amina. Em atmosfera seca e inerte de N 2 , as três diferentes superfícies mostraram a mesma resposta à EFM. Além disso, o caráter hidrofílico dos "buckypapers" cresceu na ordem MWCNT < MWCNT-aminado < MWCNT-oxidado.The influence of chemical modification by acid treatment followed by triethylenetetramine (TETA) functionalization on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was evaluated, both qualitative and quantitatively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that, in the case of amine-functionalized nanotubes, 29% of mass loss can be attributed to -C(=O)TETA and residual oxygen-containing functional groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to observe the oxygenated and aminated functions covalently linked to the nanotube surface. Electric force microscopy (EFM) images indicated that the nanotubes with diverse surface chemistry showed distinct responses to the tip potential in the presence of air. Shifts in EFM phase images decreased when the nanotube surface was modified with oxygen and amine-containing functional groups. In dry and inert N 2 atmosphere, however, the three different surfaces showed the same response to EFM. In addition, the hydrophilic character of the buckypapers increased in the order MWCNT < aminated-MWCNT < oxidized-MWCNT.Keywords: multi-walled carbon nanotubes, triethylenetetramine, surface chemical modification, spectroscopic characterization, electric force microscopy IntroductionAn important historical reference about carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis is the work of Oberlin et al. in 1976. 1 However, it was not until Iijima's work, in 1991, 2 that CNTs emerged as a key material in the field of nanotechnology due to their extraordinary thermal, electrical and mechanical properties.2-4 However, low dispersibility in organic and inorganic solvents, combined with poor chemical compatibility, has become a major issue. 5,6 Functionalization or chemical modification of CNT, that is, the covalent attachment of atoms or molecules to the surface, has been used to introduce chemical specificity and processability in different environments...

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“…Confirming Maxwell's pioneering results (Maxwell, 1878), experiments have shown that the charge distribution along a CNT subjected to an electric field is generally non uniform along the length, with evident end enhancements (Zdrojek et al, 2005(Zdrojek et al, , 2006Wang et al, 2008). The available experimental tests concern micron-long CNTs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…More recently, Griffith and Li (1996) and Jackson (2000) computed semi-analytic expressions of the charge density distribution in qualitative agreement with Maxwell's solution. Experimental tests proving charge end enhancements were carried out by Zdrojek et al (2005Zdrojek et al ( , 2006 and Wang et al (2008). These authors investigated the electrostatic properties of single-separated MWCNTs and single-walled CNTs deposited on a dielectric layer by charge injection and electric force microscopy experiments.…”

Section: Charge End Enhancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromechanical behavior, end enhancements and radial elasticity of single-walled CNTs: A physically-consistent model based on nonlocal charges

Benvenuti

2015

International Journal of Solids and Structures

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We simulate the electromechanical behavior of freestanding and clamped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) subjected to an electric potential and displaying charge end enhancements. In this case, CNT deformation is a consequence of the electrostatic pressure associated with the charge density. Whereas experiments investigate several micron long CNTs, computational models consider nanometer-sized CNTs. Hence, experimental and computational results, often, cannot be compared. Analytical solutions appear thus useful as reference solutions for finite element analysis, alternative to atomistic simulations, and complementary to experimental tests. In this work, the electromechanical behavior of CNTs is computed by using the nonlocal Poisson equation obtained extending the charge transport equations for spatially variable currents. Based on a certain equivalence between gradient and integral formulations, we solve the problem governing the electromechanical problem of CNTs regarded as cylinders subjected to electrostatic forces. The present procedure automatically captures charge end enhancements, thus overcoming the necessity of introducing suitable charge end correction factors. The analytical expressions of the radial displacement of freestanding CNTs, and the deflection of bent CNTs are obtained. For armchair single wall CNTs, the results obtained are consistent with experiments, and molecular mechanics and atomistic simulations. Size dependence of electric and mechanical properties is assessed

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Charging and emission effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes probed by electric force microscopy

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

Paillet, Poncharal, and Zahab Reply:

Paillet, Poncharal, and Zahab Reply:

Surface properties of oxidized and aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Electromechanical behavior, end enhancements and radial elasticity of single-walled CNTs: A physically-consistent model based on nonlocal charges

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