Checking the detail in retail: Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on vegetables sold across different counters in Chandigarh, India

Utaaker, Kjersti Selstad; Kumar, Anil; Joshi, Himanshu; Chaudhary, Suman; Robertson, Lucy J.

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.020

Cited by 49 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In contrast Utaaker et al reported that only 14% (8/56) tomatoes and 9%(4/47) cabbages were contaminated with either Giardia cysts or Cryptosporidium oocysts[22].In case of root vegetables such as carrot, the current study has a very low record (10%) for both Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Similar results were also reported in other studies like 14% positive cases in India[22] and 6.4% in Southern Ethiopia[47] for Giardia. A slightly higher positive cases was observed in Egypt (43.3%)[44] and Korea (33.3%).We tested eighteen surface water samples collected from 3 different sites of the Bishnumati river, Kathmandu, Nepal in two different field campaigns.…”

contrasting

confidence: 83%

“…These samples were stained with Lugol's iodine and observed under light and fluorescence microscope [46]. In contrast Utaaker et al reported that only 14% (8/56) tomatoes and 9%(4/47) cabbages were contaminated with either Giardia cysts or Cryptosporidium oocysts[22].In case of root vegetables such as carrot, the current study has a very low record (10%) for both Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Similar results were also reported in other studies like 14% positive cases in India[22] and 6.4% in Southern Ethiopia[47] for Giardia.…”

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confidence: 58%

“…Five different types of vegetables such as tomato, cabbage, carrot, radish, and cucumber were selected for spike recovery experiments. These vegetables were selected based on previous reports of faecal contamination [22][23][24][25]. These vegetables are consumed in raw forms in many countries.…”

Section: Spike Recovery Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A smartphone microscope method for simultaneous detection of (oo)cyst ofCryptosporodiumandGiardia

Shrestha

Dulal

Wagle

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Gastrointestinal disorders caused by ingestion of (oo)cysts of Cryptosporodium and Giardia is one of the major health problems in developing countries. We developed a smartphone based microscopic assay method to screen (oo)cysts of Cryptosporodium and Giardia contamination in vegetable and water samples. We used sapphire ball lens as the major imaging element to modify a smartphone as a microscope. Imaging parameters such as field of view and magnification, and image contrast under different staining and illumination conditions were measured. The smartphone microscope method consisting of ball lens of 1 mm diameter, white LED as illumination source and Lugols's iodine staining provided magnification and contrast capable of distinguishing (oo)cysts of Crypstopsporodium and Giardia in the same sample. The analytical performance of the method was tested by spike recovery experiments. The spiking recovery experiments performed on cabbage, carrot, cucumber, radish, tomatoes, and water resulted 26.8±10.3, 40.1±8.5, 44.4±7.3, 47.6±11.3, 49.2 ±10.9, and 30.27.9% recovery for Cryptosporodium, respectively and 10.2±4.0, 14.1±7.3, 24.2±12.1, 23.2±13.7, 17.1±13.9, and37.6±2.4 % recovery for Giardia, respectively. These recovery results were found to be similar when compared with the commercial brightfield and fluorescence microscopes. We tested the smartphone microscope system for detecting (oo)cysts on 7 types of vegetable (n=196) and river water (n=18) samples. Forty two percent vegetable and thirty-nine percent water samples were found to be contaminated with Cryptosporodium oocyst. Similarly, thirty one percent vegetable and thirty three percent water samples were contaminated with Giardia cyst. This study showed that the developed method can be a cheaper alternative for simultaneous detection of (oo)cysts in vegetable and water samples.

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confidence: 58%

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A smartphone microscope method for simultaneous detection of (oo)cyst ofCryptosporodiumandGiardia

Shrestha

Dulal

Wagle

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…A number of studies documented the contamination of vegetables and fruits with human pathogenic microorganisms [11][12][13][14][15]. In this paper, we reviewed the detection methods and contamination of some human pathogenic intestinal protozoans that are frequently recovered from raw vegetables and fruits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review

Wang

Karim

et al. 2020

Parasites Vectors

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Diarrheal diseases caused by intestinal protozoan parasites are a major food-borne public health problem across the world. Vegetables and fruits provide important nutrients and minerals, but are also common sources of some foodborne human pathogenic microorganisms. The contamination of raw vegetables and fruits with human pathogenic parasites are now a global public health threat, despite the health benefits of these foods in non-pharmacological prophylaxes against diseases. A large number of reports have documented the contamination of vegetables or fruits with human pathogenic microorganisms. In this paper, we reviewed the contamination and detection methods of human pathogenic intestinal protozoans that are frequently recovered from raw vegetables and fruits. The protozoan parasites include Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Balantioides coli, Blastocystis sp., Cystoisospora belli and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. The risk factors involved in the contamination of vegetables and fruits with parasites are also assessed.

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“…Long term sequelae: Guillain-Barre´ syndrome (GBS) and Reiter syndrome. (36,102) 176 | C h a p t e r 6…”

Section: Further Details On Hazard Identification: Pathogenic E Colimentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards microbial safety of fresh vegetables in Rwanda

Ssemanda¹

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In this study, we tested farm vegetables and agricultural water for the presence of foodborne pathogens, and evaluated farming practices of vegetable farms in Rwanda. Farm vegetable samples were found to be contaminated with food borne pathogens at considerably high rate (overall 15/99=15%). Specifically, the prevalence of pathogens in farm vegetables varied from 1.0% (1/99) for Listeria monocytogenes, 3.0% (3/99) for thermo-tolerant Campylobacter spp., 5.1% (5/99) for Salmonella spp. to 6.1% (6/99) pathogenic Escherichia coli. In agricultural water from rivers, lakes, lagoons, ground and marshlands, prevalence of DNA from pathogens varied from 3.3 % (1/30) for Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC); 6.7% (2/30) for Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC); 13.3% (4/30) for Enterotoxigenic E. coli. (ETEC) and Vibrio cholera; 20.0% (6/30) for Yersinia pestis; 26.7% (8/30) for Francisella tularensis; 40% (12/30) for Cyclospora to 86.7% (26/30) for thermo-tolerant Campylobacter spp. DNA of the following pathogens was not detected in water: entero pathogenic E. coli (EPEC), shiga toxin producing E.coli (STEC), Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, Burkholderia, Rickettsia, Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica and Hepatitis E. About farming practices, 60% of the visited vegetable farms practiced irrigation and all the water used was from unprotected sources (from marshlands [70%], rivers [18%], lakes [7%], runoff lagoons [5%]). Over 80% of the farms applied overhead irrigation methods and none of the farms had implemented measures to restrict to access of domestic and wild animals, while 50% of the farms used untreated manure. The high detection rate of foodborne pathogens in agricultural water in combination with the observed several risky farming practices forms a likely explanation for the observed prevalence of pathogens in farm vegetables as reported in this study and is of important public health concern if these vegetables are to be consumed raw.

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Checking the detail in retail: Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on vegetables sold across different counters in Chandigarh, India

Cited by 49 publications

References 33 publications

A smartphone microscope method for simultaneous detection of (oo)cyst ofCryptosporodiumandGiardia

A smartphone microscope method for simultaneous detection of (oo)cyst ofCryptosporodiumandGiardia

Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review

Towards microbial safety of fresh vegetables in Rwanda

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