Cheerleading-Related Injuries to Children 5 to 18 Years of Age: United States, 1990–2002

Shields, Brenda J.; Smith, Gary A.

doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1139

Cited by 58 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Several academic groups have used NEISS and NEISS-AIP successfully to investigate a wide variety of injury-and product-related ED visits. [16][17][18][19][20][21] …”

Section: Study Setting and Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Department Visits for Concussion in Young Child Athletes

et al. 2010

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Two small studies have been conducted on numbers of sport-related concussions in younger child athletes (pre-high school). WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This is the first study to characterize a national sample of emergency department visits for young child athletes compared with older athletes. abstract OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to characterize emergency department (ED) visits for pediatric sport-related concussion (SRC) in pre-high school-versus high school-aged athletes.

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“…Several academic groups have used NEISS and NEISS-AIP successfully to investigate a wide variety of injury-and product-related ED visits. [16][17][18][19][20][21] …”

Section: Study Setting and Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Department Visits for Concussion in Young Child Athletes

et al. 2010

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“…4,5 These numbers rank cheerleading the fourth most popular high school girls' athletic activity, and rank competitive spirit squads alone as the ninth most popular high school girls' sport. Although several studies have described cheerleading injury epidemiology generally, [6][7][8][9][10] in terms of specific activities, mechanisms or diagnoses, [11][12][13] injuries presenting to emergency departments 14 and catastrophic injuries, 15,16 no study to date has examined the injury epidemiology of high school sanctioned cheerleading, comparing it to other sports. Using a large national sports injury surveillance data set, this study aimed to (1) describe injury rates and patterns in high school cheerleading, (2) compare injury rates and patterns by type of exposure (ie, practice, competition, or performance), and (3) compare injury rates and patterns in high school cheerleading to other sports.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cheerleading Injuries in United States High Schools

et al. 2016

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Approximately 400 000 students participate in US high school cheerleading annually, including 123 386 involved in competitive spirit squads. The degree of athleticism and the difficulty of cheerleading skills have increased in recent decades, renewing safety concerns. This study describes the epidemiology of high school cheerleading injuries and compares cheerleading injury rates and patterns relative to other sports.

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“…Also, concussions and closed head injuries were the most serious type of injury sustained by cheerleaders 5 to 18 years of age who were treated in US emergency departments from 1990 through 2002, accounting for 3.5% of cases. 15 The potential for life-threatening head impact injuries from a fall can be minimized by increasing the shockabsorbing capacity of the surface, decreasing the height from which the person falls, or both. 16 Extensive research [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] has been conducted on concussion in collegiate and professional football, focusing on the reconstruction of game impact biomechanics.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Potential for Brain Injury on Selected Surfaces Used by Cheerleaders

Shields

Smith

2009

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Although playground surfaces have been investigated for fall impact attenuation, the surfaces that cheerleaders use have received little attention.Objective: To determine (1) the critical height for selected surfaces used by cheerleaders at or below which a serious head impact injury from a fall is unlikely to occur, (2) the critical heights for non-impact-absorbing surfaces for comparison purposes, and (3) the effect of soil moisture and grass height on g max (which is defined as the multiple of g [acceleration due to gravity at the earth's surface at sea level: ie, 32.2 feet?s 21 ?s 21 ] that represents the maximum deceleration experienced during an impact) and the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) at the critical height for a dry grass surface.Design: Observational study. Settings: A local cheerleading gym, indoor locations within the authors' institution, and various outdoor locations.Main Outcome Measure(s): g max , HIC, and critical height. Results:Critical heights for the surfaces tested ranged from 0.5 ft (0.15 m) for concrete and vinyl tile installed over concrete to more than 11 ft (3.35 m) for a spring floor. Increases in grass height and soil moisture resulted in an increase in the critical height for grass surfaces. Only spring floors and 4-in (0.10-m)-thick landing mats placed on traditional foam floors had critical heights greater than 10.5 ft (3.20 m), thus providing enough impact-absorbing capacity for performance of 2-level stunts.Conclusions: The potential for serious head impact injuries can be minimized by increasing the shock-absorbing capacity of the surface, decreasing the height from which the person falls, or both. Cheerleaders and cheerleading coaches should use the critical heights reported in this study to compare the relative impact-absorbing capacities of the various surfaces tested, with critical height as an indicator of the impact-absorption capacity of the surface. The findings of this study can be used to select the most appropriate surface for the type of maneuver to be performed, based on the maximum height expected to be achieved by the cheerleader(s) during execution of the maneuver. Cheerleaders should not perform maneuvers at heights that exceed the critical height for the surface on which they are performing.Key Words: surface impact attenuation, Triax, critical height, Head Injury Criterion Key Points N For the surfaces tested, critical heights ranged from 0.5 ft (0.15 m; concrete, vinyl tile over concrete) to more than 11 ft

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Cheerleading-Related Injuries to Children 5 to 18 Years of Age: United States, 1990–2002

Cited by 58 publications

References 25 publications

Emergency Department Visits for Concussion in Young Child Athletes

Emergency Department Visits for Concussion in Young Child Athletes

Cheerleading Injuries in United States High Schools

The Potential for Brain Injury on Selected Surfaces Used by Cheerleaders

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