Chemical and physical transformations of silver nanomaterial containing textiles after modeled human exposure

Abstract

The antimicrobial properties of silver nanomaterials (AgNM) have been exploited in various consumer applications, including textiles such as wound dressings. Understanding how these materials chemically transform throughout their use is necessary to predict their efficacy during use and their behavior after disposal. The aim of this work was to evaluate chemical and physical transformations to a commercial AgNM-containing wound dressing during modeled human exposure to synthetic sweat (SW) or simulated wound fluid (WF). Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the formation of micrometer-sized structures at the wound dressing surface after SW exposure while WF resulted in a largely featureless surface. Measurements by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed a AgCl surface (consistent with EDS) while X-ray diffraction (XRD) found a mixture of zero valent silver and AgCl suggesting the AgNM wound dressings surface formed a passivating AgCl surface layer after SW and WF exposure. For WF, XPS based findings revealed the addition of an adsorbed protein layer based on the nitrogen marker which adsorbed released silver at prolonged exposures. Silver release was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry which revealed a significant released silver fraction in WF and minimal released silver in SW. Analysis suggests that the protein in WF sequestered a fraction of the released silver which continued with exposure time, suggesting additional processing at the wound dressing surface even after the initial transformation to AgCl. To evaluate the impact on antimicrobial efficacy, zone of inhibition (ZOI) testing was conducted which found no significant change after modeled human exposure compared to the pristine wound dressing. The results presented here suggest AgNM-containing wound dressings transform chemically in simulated human fluids resulting in a material with comparable antimicrobial properties with pristine wound dressings. Ultimately, knowing the resulting chemical properties of the AgNM wound dressings will allow better predictive models to be developed regarding their fate.

The toxicity of coated silver nanoparticles to the alga Raphidocelis subcapitata

“…Healthcare, electronics, textile and food and beverage industries are the largest segments of AgNPs [14,31,53]. Their global consumption is estimated to rise to 450 metric tonnes per year [47], and the global market for Ag NPs is expected to reach USD 2.45 billion by 2022 [32].…”

A physicochemical double-cross-linked gelatin hydrogel with enhanced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory capabilities for improving wound healing

“…Briefly, 0.4 M NaCl, 0.02 M CaCl 2 and 2% BSA were mixed and diluted with deionized water. The pH of the original synthetic SWF solution was 7.4 [ 40 ]. The hydrogels were removed periodically, and residual water was aspirated from the sample surface.…”