Chemical characterisation and manufacturing technology of late Roman to early Byzantine glass from Beit Ras/Capitolias, Northern Jordan

Loose glass tesserae and lost decorations: chronology and production of mosaics from Gerasa's Northwest Quarter*

“…The reasons for importing gold tesserae from Egypt, and not from the nearby Levantine coast, Figure 6 Base glass compositions thus far identified in fourth-to eight-centuries Jordan. Sources: Schibille et al (2008Schibille et al ( , 2012; Marii and Rehren (2009); Abd-Allah (2010, 2012; Rehren et al (2010);El-Khouri (2014); Ali and Abd-Allah (2015); Al-Bashaireh et al (2016a, b); Barfod et al (2018).…”

“…Based on published data of glass assemblages from ancient Jordan, regional trends in the distribution of known compositional groups emerge. Whereas between the fourth and eight centuries Levantine glass is virtually ubiquitous, Egyptian compositions are rare (Schibille et al 2008;Marii and Rehren 2009;Abd-Allah 2010, 2012Rehren et al 2010;Schibille et al 2012;El-Khouri 2014;Ali and Abd-Allah 2015;Al-Bashaireh et al 2016b , b;Barfod et al 2018). The Egyptian finds are presently limited to one gold-glass tessera from the Petra Church (Marii and Rehren 2009), a few lamps from the sanctuary of Deir 'Ain 'Abata (Rehren et al 2010) and vessels from the Petra Great Temple (Schibille et al 2012).…”

“…Whereas between the fourth and eight centuries Levantine glass is virtually ubiquitous, Egyptian compositions are rare (Schibille et al . 2008 ; Marii and Rehren 2009 ; Abd‐Allah 2010 , 2012 ; Rehren et al . 2010 ; Schibille et al .…”

A study of Roman glass from Mala Barutana/Belgrade Fortress irradiated with pulsed CO2, Nd:YAG and ruby laser — Comparison

“…This composition shows that the main raw materials from which these glasses were manufactured were sand as a source of silica, natron (possibly from Wadi Natrun in Egypt since this was the primary source of natron during the first millennium BC and the first millennium AD) as a source of alkali soda, and lime as a source of calcium [7,9]. During the Roman and later periods, raw glass was produced in massive tank furnaces in a small number of glass production centres (potentially in the Levantine area), and then re-melted and formed into vessels in numerous glass working centres [9]. Levantine I type glass is exceptionally widespread and can be found in early medieval glass assemblages from all around the Mediterranean and central Europe [6].…”

“…One of the main locations for large-scale glass making in antiquity was the Levantine coast, however the competitive centres as well as trading channels and distances are still a subject of research. The obtained glass chunks were re-melted in numerous secondary workshops and shaped into glass vessels [6,9].…”