Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Anticancer Effect of Falcaria vulgaris via Induction of Apoptosis

Abstract

Background: Apiaceae family is one of the plant families which used for medical investigation. Falcaria vulgaris is a clear example of this genus that grows in certain regions of Iran. In traditional medicine, due to the presence of coumarin and flavonoid compounds in this plant, therapeutic properties such as gastrointestinal and liver diseases, skin ulcers, gastric ulcers and intestinal inflammation have been reported. It has also been found that these compounds lead to cytotoxic effects. Objective: The aim of this study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect and induction of apoptosis by various extracts and essential oil of F. vulgaris on cancerous cell (SW-872) and to identify the volatile compounds of effective samples. Methods: The shoot of the plant was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus and its essential oil was taken by Clevenger apparatus. The cytotoxicity of the samples was evaluated by MTT method and the mechanism of cancer cell death by flow cytometry and finally, the volatile compounds of essential oils and effective extracts were identified by GC-MS. Results: The results showed that n-Hexane extract and 40% VLC fraction had the greatest cytotoxic effect on SW-872 cells. While, the most abundant volatile compounds in essential oil and 40% VLC fraction of n-Hexane extract are terpenoid compounds like (+) spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide, in n-Hexane extract tetradecan, and spathulenol are the most, respectively. Conclusion: In sum, it was found that the fraction of 40% n-Hexane is in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly with controlling cells, inhibit the growth of cancer cells. This effect is through induction of apoptosis and due to the presence of effective volatile compounds such as terpenoids and non-terpenoids which can be considered as the valuable natural sources for the isolation of anti-cancer compounds.

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“…There are multiple paths through which these compounds act as antitumor agents in the human body [43], and recent clinical trials showed successful effects of terpenes on different human cancers [57]. In our research, most of the detected terpenes have previously been characterized to have antitumor effects, such as the most abundant compounds α-cadinol [58] and spathulenol that have also been described as immunomodulatory agents [59,60] and possible substances in the fight of drug resistance in cancer treatment [61]. Besides having antitumor effects, α-caryophyllene also showed immunosuppressive and analgesic properties [62].…”

“…Besides having antitumor effects, α-caryophyllene also showed immunosuppressive and analgesic properties [62]. caryophyllene oxide also acts as an antitumor agent and has a cytotoxic effect on different cancer cells [61], while citronellol has been shown to be an antitumor and anti-inflammatory agent [63]. The terpene screening also showed the presence of widely researched monoterpenes, α-pinene and β-pinene that have the potential to improve human health, as they act as an antiinflammatory, antitumor, sedative, antimicrobial and antidepressant agents [17,18,64,65].…”