Chemical characterization and quantitativ e assessment of source-specific health risk of trace metals in PM1.0 at a road site of Delhi, India

Abstract

This study presents the concentration of submicron aerosol (PM) collected during November, 2009 to March, 2010 at two road sites near the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi campus. In winter, PM composed 83% of PM indicating the dominance of combustion activity-generated particles. Principal component analysis (PCA) proved secondary aerosol formation as a dominant process in enhancing aerosol concentration at a receptor site along with biomass burning, vehicle exhaust, road dust, engine and tire tear wear, and secondary ammonia. The non-carcinogenic and excess cancer risk for adults and children were estimated for trace element data set available for road site and at elevated site from another parallel work. The decrease in average hazard quotient (HQ) for children and adults was estimated in following order: Mn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Zn > Cu both at road and elevated site. For children, the mean HQs were observed in safe level for Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb; however, values exceeded safe limit for Cr and Mn at road site. The average highest hazard index values for children and adults were estimated as 22 and 10, respectively, for road site and 7 and 3 for elevated site. The road site average excess cancer risk (ECR) risk of Cr and Ni was close to tolerable limit (10) for adults and it was 13-16 times higher than the safe limit (10) for children. The ECR of Ni for adults and children was 102 and 14 times higher at road site compared to elevated site. Overall, the observed ECR values far exceed the acceptable level.

Investigation of the source, morphology, and trace elements associated with atmospheric PM10 and human health risks due to inhalation of carcinogenic elements at Dehradun, an Indo-Himalayan city

“…The IUC for Pb is 0.000012 (µg/m 3 ) −1 . The detailed methodology for calculating ECR for Lead (Pb) is mentioned elsewhere [30]. The formula for calculating the ECR is represented below where C represents concentration of the lead (µg/m 3 ), ET represents the exposure time (12 h/day), EF is the exposure frequency (184 day/year), ED is exposure duration (24 years), and AT is average time for carcinogen (AT = 24 h/ day × 70 years × 365 days).…”

Experimental Characterization Protocols for Wear Products from Disc Brake Materials

“…Adamiec et al [10] Katowice, Poland Ti, Cr, Cu Beddows et al [9] Birmingham, U.K. Ba, Fe Budai and Clement [105] Budapest, Hungary Cu, Sb, Pb, Zn Valotto et al [119] Venice, Italy Cr, Fe, Mo, Sb Prakash et al [120] Delhi, India Fe Jeong et al [115] Toronto, Canada Cu, Ba Alves et al [116] São Leopoldo and Canoas, Brazil Cu, Ba Yan et al [104] Shanghai, China Sb Xue et al [121] California, US Sb…”

Measurement of respirable dust concentration and assessment of health risk due to metals around an opencast coal mine of Talcher, Odisha

“…Human health risk was assessed on the basis of observed mean concentrations of particulate-bound trace elements and it depends on specific locations and its exposure route, i.e., ingestion, dermal, and inhalation (Du et al, 2013;Jai Prakash et al, 2018;Jai Prakash et al, 2018;Du et al, 2013). This study used the equations developed by USEPA to evaluate the exposure of humans to atmospheric particle bound trace elements.…”

“…Several studies were performed on the effects of PM and associated heavy metals on the cardiovascular and respiratory system (Kloog, 2016;Yu and Chien, 2016). Limited studies were performed in India on the evaluation of health risk due to the presence of trace metals in PM (Jai Prakash et al 2018;Samiksha et al, 2017;Jena and Singh, 2017;Izhar et al, 2016). Further the chemical compounds present in the PM differ in the concentration at different locations depending on the sources of contribution and meteorological factors.…”