Chemical Characterization of 64 Propolis Samples from Hakkari, Turkey

Abstract

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by honey bees from various plants they visit. Sixty-four propolis samples were collected from different localities of four districts (Merkez, Yüksekova, Şemdinli, and Çukurca) in Hakkari territory. Ethanol extracts of the propolis samples were prepared, and their chemical contents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Flavonoids were generally found in a high concentration in Şemdinli samples of Turkey. Twenty-seven coumarins were identified in the 28 propolis samples among studied 64 ones. Except suberosin, the coumarins were never reported before in any propolis sample with Turkish origin. The propolis samples belonging to Yüksekova were found to be richer in coumarins than the others, and the most richest one among the Yüksekova apiaries, was found to be Akocak sample (Y2) with 41.99% total yield, followed by Akçalı sample (Y5) (30.86%). This is a first comprehensive and original report about the chemical profile of propolis samples from Hakkari. The propolis samples from Hakkari exhibited a chemical content rich in flavonoids including coumarins and furocoumarins.

Determination of Antioxidant Capacities with the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Royal Jelly Mixtures

“…As a result of our literature review, we could not find a study in which the types and amounts of phenolic compounds were analyzed in royal jelly mixtures or similar foods. However, many studies have been carried out to determine phenolic compounds in many bee products (Bayram et al, 2018;Coşkun et al, 2018;Kılıç Altun S., & Aydemir M.E., 2020). Kılıç Altun & Aydemir (2020) reported that they detected 21 phenolic compounds in propolis collected in different regions of Anatolia in their study and the compounds they detected the highest was Quercetin (14.49 ppm) and Hydoxycinamic acid (16.85 ppm).…”

Insight on Propolis from Mediterranean Countries: Chemical Composition, Biological Activities and Application Fields

“…Çetin et al [109] in their investigations on propolis from Kayseri, they affirmed the presence of cinnamic acid (24) (Figure 1) and their esters with a high concentration. Coumarins were also reported in Turkish propolis from Hakkari, by Bayram et al [90] in their recent study, where twenty-six coumarins were detected including angelicin (55), bergapten (56), bergaptol (57), columbianetin (58), decursin (59), isogeijerin (60), jatamansin (61), lomatin (62), methoxsalen (63), oroselone (64), osthole (65), oxypeucedanin (66), prangenin (67), psoralen (68) and seselin (69) (Table S1).…”

“…In other countries of Southern European Coast, such as Turkey, chemical composition of propolis has widely investigated by several authors. Quercetin (26), rutin (48), chrysin (2), pinocembrin (3), pinostrobin chalcone (49) and pinobanksin (1) and its derivatives were the most repeated flavonoids found in various simples of propolis from Turkey using different method of analysis such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with a linear ion trap-high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry system (UHPLC-LTQ/orbitrap/MS/MS), [73,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] while Erdogan et al [96] have reported the presence of other flavonoids such as gallocatechin (50), epigallocatechin (51) and myricetin (52) in Anatolian propolis submitted to a pressurized liquid extraction. Other authors did not report the presence of flavonoids in Turkish propolis originating from Hatay, Ankara-Kazan and Mugla-Marmaris, [97 -100] at the same time they declared that terpenes such as αand β-eudesmol, isopimaric acid (42), dehydroabietic acid (53) and abietic acid (54) ( Figure 4) were included in the bioactive compounds of tested propolis samples.…”

“…The major volatile components of Croatian (Dalmatia) propolis identified included terpenes (30 %), while in other region (Slavonia) benzyl alcohol (89), benzoic acid (28) and benzyl benzoate (90) were predominant (49 %). α-Pinene (91), β-pinene (92), γ-terpinene (93), α-muurolene (86), γ-cadinene (85) and δ-cadinene (84) were also identified as components of propolis.…”

Recent Studies in the Use of Propolis as a Traditional Medicine: A Review

“…As a result of the study, it was reported that the flavanone and flavonol content of Turkey propolis was higher compared to samples collected from Brazil and Japan. In the study in which they determined the chemical content of 64 propolis samples obtained from the districts of Hakkari province (Center, Çukurca, Yüksekova, and Şemdinli) by using GS-MS. Bayram, Sorkun, Cevahir Öz, Salih, and Topçu (2018) found that samples of Şemdinli contained a higher amount of flavonoids. 27 types of coumarin were identified in 28 of these 64 propolis samples, and it was reported that propolis samples belonging to Yüksekova were richer in coumarin ratio compared to others.…”