Chemical Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter in Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle Exhaust

Yang, Hsi-Hsien; Dhital, Narayan Babu; Wang, Lin‐Chi; Hsieh, Yueh Shu; Lee, Kuei Ting; Hsu, Ya Ting; Huang, Shi Cheng

doi:10.4209/aaqr.2019.04.0191

Cited by 70 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…For residential and commercial sectors, especially cooking, space-heating and water boiling activities, the emission factors were also considered and averaged from Habib et al (2004Habib et al ( , 2008, Smith et al 2000, Pandey et al (2017), and Zhang et al (2000). For kerosene lamps, the measured EFs from Lam et al (2012) were available for all pollutants except CH 4 , NMVOCs and N 2 O, which were considered to be similar to the kerosene stoves (Smith et al, 2000). Due to lack of studies on the definite number of types of lamps, it is assumed that 50 % of the population relies on kerosene wick lamps and that the rest rely on kerosene lanterns.…”

Section: Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

et al. 2019

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Abstract. The lack of a comprehensive, up-to-date emission inventory for the Himalayan region is a major challenge in understanding the extensive regional air pollution, including its causes, impacts and mitigation pathways. This study describes a high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) present-day emission inventory for Nepal, developed with a higher-tier approach. The complete study is divided into two parts; this paper covers technologies and combustion sources in residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural diesel-use and transport sectors as Part I (NEEMI-Tech), while emissions from the open burning of municipal waste and agricultural residue in fields and fugitive emissions from waste management, paddy fields, enteric fermentation and manure management for the period 2001–2016 will be covered in Part II (NEEMI-Open). The national total energy consumption (except hydropower, solar and wind energy) estimated in the base year 2011 was 374 PJ, with the residential sector being the largest energy consumer (79 %), followed by industry (11 %) and the transport sector (7 %). Biomass is the dominant energy source, contributing to 88 % of the national total energy consumption, while the rest is from fossil fuel. A total of 8.9 Tg of CO2, 110 Gg of CH4, 2.1 Gg of N2O, 64 Gg of NOx, 1714 Gg of CO, 407 Gg of NMVOCs, 195 Gg of PM2.5, 23 Gg of BC, 83 Gg of OC and 24 Gg of SO2 emissions were estimated in 2011 from the five energy-use sectors considered in NEEMI-Tech. The Nepal emission inventory provides, for the first time, temporal trends of fuel and energy consumption and associated emissions in Nepal for a long period, 2001–2016. The energy consumption showed an increase by a factor of 1.6 in 2016 compared to 2001, while the emissions of various species increased by a factor of 1.2–2.4. An assessment of the top polluting technologies shows particularly high emissions from traditional cookstoves and space-heating practices using biomass. In addition, high emissions were also computed from fixed-chimney Bull's trench kilns (FCBTKs) in brick production, cement kilns, two-wheeler gasoline vehicles, heavy-duty diesel freight vehicles and kerosene lamps. The monthly analysis shows December, January and February as periods of high PM2.5 emissions from the technology-based sources considered in this study. Once the full inventory including open burning and fugitive sources (Part II) is available, a more complete picture of the strength and temporal variability in the emissions and sources will be possible. Furthermore, the large spatial variation in the emissions highlights the pockets of growing urbanization, which emphasize the importance of the detailed knowledge about the emission sources that this study provides. These emissions will be of value for further studies, especially air-quality-modeling studies focused on understanding the likely effectiveness of air pollution mitigation measures in Nepal.

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Section: Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…,Wu et al (2015),Zhang et al (2015),Yang et al (2019) andJaiprakash et al (2016). These studies reflect the regional characteristics of driving cycles and the road infrastructure, which plays an important role in tailpipe exhaust.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

et al. 2019

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“…In similar studies in the relevant literature, various studies have been conducted on the impact of vehicle emissions on the environment [25][26][27], health [28,29] and characterization [30][31][32][33][34]. Microstructure analysis of vehicle emissions was performed in our previous studies [19,35,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Characterization of Particulate Matter from Gasoline-Fuelled Vehicle Emissions

Güney

Aladağ

2020

JERR

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Exhaust emissions from vehicle traffic refers to the particles released into the air due to combustion of fuels, additives and wear of engine parts in the system during vehicle use. These emissions occur depending on the type of vehicle, type of fuel, combustion process and environmental conditions. In this study, microstructure and chemical characterization of particulate matter (PM) released from gasoline-fuelled vehicles were examined using electron microscopy techniques. As a result, much solid soot, metalloids, heavy metals, ash, sulphates, phosphates, minerals, volatile organic and inorganic pollutants were found to be present in gasoline exhaust emission. These toxic structures still pose a danger to environmental safety and human health. Aim: In study, microstructure characterization of emissions released from gasoline-fuelled vehicles exhaust were investigated using electron microscopy techniques. Study design: SEM, EDS, XRD and FTIR electron microscopy techniques were used for characterization. Place and Duration of Study: Material Characterization Laboratory of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, between Junuary 2020 and July 2020. Results: The vehicles still continue to spread toxic pollutants. Conclusions: The chemical structure of PM contains 20 elements including C, F, N, Na, O, Mg, Br, Si, Hg, S, P, Pb, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn. There are pollutant functional groups such as OH, CO, SO in the structure. Hydrocarbons, metalloids, heavy metals, different minerals, phosphates, sulfates, many volatile organic and inorganic compounds pollute the air in PM structure. These toxic pollutants harm the environment and human health.

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“…Metallic elements have been proven to have harmful effects on human body, and metallic components attached to PM 2.5 particles are typically found in the PM 2.5 concentrations (Pervez et al, 2018). Thus, metallic elements can pose harmful effects on the heart, lungs, and nervous system, and people who are exposed to toxic metallic elements over a long period of time may be affected (Yang et al, 2019;Zhao et al, 2019). In this case, children are the most vulnerable to toxic environments and may suffer from learning disabilities, memory and attention deficits, or psychiatric complications (Lee et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2018a;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filterable PM2.5, Metallic Elements, and Organic Carbon Emissions from the Exhausts of Diesel Vehicles

Lin

Amesho

et al. 2020

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Urban air pollution in the form of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) poses a substantial health threat to humans via inhalation. To assess the risks from this pollutant, we characterized and quantified the PM 2.5 exhausted by 15 diesel vehicles ranging from 28,306 to 883,374 km (an average of 525,854 km) in total mileage and varying in manufacturer and model year (1988-2005). We applied inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to analyze the metallic element constituents, among which Ca composed the largest fraction, followed by Zn, Al, K, Fe, Mg, and Cr. Measuring the carbonaceous content, we found that the total carbon (TC), the organic carbon (OC), and the elemental carbon (EC) accounted for 3461 µg m-3 , 1410 µg m-3 , and 2051 µg m-3 of the PM 2.5 concentration, respectively. Of the metallic elements, Ca exhibited the highest emission factor (EF), between 45.3 and 259 µg L-fuel-1 (with an average of 132 µg L-fuel-1), whereas Zn and Cr displayed the lowest ones, averaging 13.1 µg L-fuel-1 and 1.91 µg L-fuel-1 , respectively. We also investigated the relationship between the concentrations and the EFs of the metallic elements in the exhaust, and the ambient PM 2.5 composition. These results help illustrate the contribution of PM 2.5 emitted by diesel vehicles to metallic element concentrations in the natural environment and the consequent risks.

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Chemical Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter in Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle Exhaust

Cited by 70 publications

References 40 publications

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

Microstructural Characterization of Particulate Matter from Gasoline-Fuelled Vehicle Emissions

Filterable PM2.5, Metallic Elements, and Organic Carbon Emissions from the Exhausts of Diesel Vehicles

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