Chemical Composition of Aerosol Size Fractions at a Coastal Site in Southwestern Italy: Seasonal Variability and Transport Influence

Sprovieri, Francesca; Bencardino, Mariantonia; Cofone, F.; Pirrone, Nicola

doi:10.1080/10473289.2011.599267

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…(50-70%) of PM 10 (Clements et al 2013;Sprovieri et al 2011;Sprovieri and Pirrone 2008). This is relevant for the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA), a region with a semiarid climate that could suggest a relevant contribution of geological material (Al, Ca, Si, and Fe) to PM c .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Spatial differences in ambient coarse and fine particles in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico: Implications for source contribution

Mancilla

Hernández‐Paniagua

Mendoza

2019

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The ambient air of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) in Mexico frequently exhibits high levels of PM 10 and PM 2.5. However, no information exists on the chemical composition of coarse particles (PM c = PM 10-PM 2.5). A monitoring campaign was conducted during the summer of 2015, during which 24-hr average PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples were collected using high-volume filter-based instruments to chemically characterize the fine and coarse fractions of the PM. The collected samples were analyzed for anions (Cl-, NO 3-, SO 4 2-), cations (Na + , NH 4 + , K +), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 35 trace elements (Al to Pb). During the campaign, the average PM 2.5 concentrations did not showed significance differences among sampling sites, whereas the average PM c concentrations did. In addition, the PM c accounted for 75% to 90% of the PM 10 across the MMA. The average contribution of the main chemical species to the total mass indicated that geological material including Ca, Fe, Si, and Al (45%) and sulfates (11%) were the principal components of PM c , whereas sulfates (54%) and organic matter (30%) were the principal components of PM 2.5. The OC-to-EC ratio for PM c ranged from 4.4 to 13, whereas that for PM 2.5 ranged from 3.97 to 6.08. The estimated contribution of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) to the total mass of organic aerosol in PM 2.5 was estimated to be around 70-80%; for PM c , the contribution was lower (20-50%). The enrichment factors (EF) for most of the trace elements exhibited high values for PM 2.5 (EF: 10-1000) and low values for PM c (EF: 1-10). Given the high contribution of crustal elements and the high values of EFs, PM c is heavily influenced by soil resuspension and PM 2.5 by anthropogenic sources. Finally, the airborne particles found in the eastern region of the MMA were chemically distinguishable from those in its western region. Implications: Concentration and chemical composition patterns of fine and coarse particles can vary significantly across the MMA. Public policy solutions have to be built based on these observations. There is clear evidence that the spatial variations in the MMA's coarse fractions are influenced by clearly recognizable primary emission sources, while fine particles exhibit a homogeneous concentration field and a clear spatial pattern of increasing secondary contributions. Important reductions in the coarse fraction can come from primary particles' emission controls; for fine particles, control of gaseous precursors-particularly sulfur-containing species and organic compounds-should be considered.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Spatial differences in ambient coarse and fine particles in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico: Implications for source contribution

Mancilla

Hernández‐Paniagua

Mendoza

2019

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Much more work has gone into studying the health effects of fine particles because they have been linked to adverse human health effects (Dockery and Pope, 1994;Schwartz, 1994;EPA, 2009), and PMf often constitutes the largest fraction of PM 10 in urban areas (Stolzel et al, 2005;Stone et al, 2011;Kassomenos et al, 2012). More recently, adverse human health effects have been associated with the coarse particles (Castillejos et al, 2000;Mar et al, 2000;Lipsett et al, 2006;Graff et al, 2009), which has implications for more rural environments where the PMc mass fraction is often 50-70% of PM 10 (Ostro et al, 1999;Sprovieri and Pirrone, 2008;Sprovieri et al, 2011). The concern is even greater for the Pinal County area where the PMc mass fraction is often 80-90% of PM 10 (EPA, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of summertime coarse particulate matter in the Desert Southwest—Arizona, USA

Clements

Fraser

Upadhyay

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A year-long study was conducted in Pinal County, AZ, to characterize coarse (2.5 -10 µm aerodynamic diameter, AD) and fine (< 2.5 µm AD) particulate matter (PMc and PMf, respectively) to further understand spatial and temporal variations in ambient PM concentrations and composition in rural, arid environments. Measurements of PMc and PMf mass, ions, elements, and carbon concentrations at one-in-six day resolution were obtained at three sites within the region. Results from the summer of 2009 and specifically the local monsoon period are presented.The summer monsoon season (July -September) and associated rain and/or high wind events, has historically had the largest number of PM 10 NAAQS exceedances within a year. Rain events served to clean the atmosphere, decreasing PMc concentrations resulting in a more uniform spatial gradient among the sites. The monsoon period also is characterized by high wind events, increasing PMc mass concentrations, possibly due to increased local wind-driven soil erosion or transport. Two PM 10 NAAQS exceedances at the urban monitoring site were explained by high wind events and can likely be excluded from PM 10 compliance calculations as exceptional events. At the more rural Cowtown site, PM 10 NAAQS exceedances were more frequent, likely due to the impact from local dust sources.PM mass concentrations at the Cowtown site were typically higher than at the Pinal County Housing and Casa Grande sites. Crustal material was equal to 52-63% of the PMc mass concentration on average. High concentrations of phosphate and organic carbon found at the rural Cowtown were associated with local cattle feeding operations. A relatively high correlation between PMc and PMf (R 2 = 0.63) indicated that the lower tail of the coarse particle fraction often impacts the fine particle fraction, increasing the PMf concentrations. Therefore, reductions in PMc sources will likely also reduce PMf concentrations, which also are near the value of the 24-hr PM 2.5 NAAQS.Implications: In the desert southwest, summer monsoons are often associated with above average PM 10 (<10 µm AD) mass concentrations. Competing influences of monsoon rain and wind events showed that rain suppresses ambient concentrations while high wind increase them. In this region, the PMc fraction dominates PM 10 and crustal sources contribute 52-63% to local PMc mass concentrations on average. Cattle feedlot emissions are also an important source and a unique chemical signature was identified for this source. Observations suggest monsoon wind events alone cannot explain PM 10 NAAQS exceedances, thus requiring these values to remain in compliance calculations rather than being removed as exceptional wind events.

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“…As it can be noted by numbers in bold in Table 3, in both PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 , all MEs reached the maximum value in correspondence of the NDF Festival, except for Na and Mg that otherwise peaked during the background day identified as BKG_0208. Dur-Open Journal of Air Pollution ing this day the wind was more intense in the direction NNW (from the sea) thus favouring a substantial injection of sea spray, of which Na is a tracer, as well as of sandy dust, whose a maker is Mg [41]. Contrarily from the finer fraction, the maximum value of K in the coarser fraction was recorded the day BKG_0108.…”

Section: Major and Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This wind condition presumably favored the advection to our sampling site of air masses mostly coming from sea thus influencing the aerosol composition with mostly coarse particles such as sea salt [41].…”

Section: Local Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Particles during a Firework Festival in Belvedere M.mo, South-Western Italian Coast

Bencardino¹,

Andreoli²,

Castagna³

et al. 2018

OJAP

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The effects of a Summer Firework Festival on the air quality were studied for the first time in a rural area of Southern Italy. The case study analyzes the physical-chemical properties of airborne particles collected during the Note di Fuoco (NDF) Festival, which took place in Belvedere M.mo in 2016. The sampling period was peculiar since in one week three different kinds of events have succeeded: three days during the NDF Festival with the concurrence of the festival and the firework displays, one day with the typical street Market involving food stalls and specialty shops, and three days with no specific events, considered as background conditions. Particulate Matter in different two size fractions (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) was simultaneously collected on a daily basis and then chemically analyzed for major and trace metal content as well as for organic and elemental carbon determination. Levels of particles were even below the European air quality limit values. However, the day with the country market and during the three days of the NDF festival, the finer and respirable particulate fraction, PM 2.5 , showed an increase of 46% and 84%, respectively, over the mean concentration values observed during the background days. Both elemental and organic carbon, even in the finer fraction showed an increment up to 30%. All major, and trace elements were found in higher concentrations during the festival with respect to those recorded in days with no events. In our case study, K was recognized as the best fireworks tracer because its level doubled during the festival. Typical firework tracers like Fe, Ti, Mn, Pb and Sr resulted in greater concentrations, up to 50%.

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Chemical Composition of Aerosol Size Fractions at a Coastal Site in Southwestern Italy: Seasonal Variability and Transport Influence

Cited by 8 publications

References 62 publications

Spatial differences in ambient coarse and fine particles in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico: Implications for source contribution

Spatial differences in ambient coarse and fine particles in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico: Implications for source contribution

Characterization of summertime coarse particulate matter in the Desert Southwest—Arizona, USA

Airborne Particles during a Firework Festival in Belvedere M.mo, South-Western Italian Coast

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