Chemical composition of precipitation in Shenzhen, a coastal mega-city in South China: Influence of urbanization and anthropogenic activities on acidity and ionic composition

Zhou, Xiaode; Xu, Zhinan; Liu, Wenjing; Wu, Yao; Жао, Тонг; Jiang, Hao; Zhang, Xuan; Zhang, Jiangyi; Zhou, Li; Wang, Yuchen

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.096

Cited by 59 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The significant, positive correlation between pH and DpH across China (Figure 7) reflects how the neutralizing capacity of the alkaline composition impacts the rainwater pH (Zhou et al, 2019). Previous studies have shown that the alkaline composition of soil dust from desert and semiarid areas was the primary contributor to the Ca 2þ in rainwater in northern China Wang et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2013).…”

Section: Variation In Alkaline Abundances and Neutralizing Capacity 3mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Severe acid rain is often caused by anthropogenic emission of SO 2 and NO x , arising from massive urbanization, industrialization, and transportation (Zhang et al, 2017a;. With the acceleration of industrialization and increasing energy demand, China's dependence on fossil fuels since the 1970s has resulted in frequent acid rain (Zhao et al, 1988;Han and Liu, 2006;Wu et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2019). Over the past four decades, China has become the third largest region globally to suffer from acid rain, behind Northeastern America and Central Europe Ito et al, 2002;Zhang et al, 2010).…”

Section: Far-past Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, understanding the influence of local environmental characteristics on the chemical composition of rainwater is essential. However, emissions of materials that are sources for alkaline ions in precipitation increased with the growth of urbanization from construction materials and vehicle emissions, resulting in neutralization of the acid rain (Han et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2012;Han et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2019). These studies have indicated that the decreasing trend in acid rain in North and South China is due to ubiquitous urbanization.…”

Section: Recent-past Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A critical review of the variation in rainwater acidity in 24 Chinese cities during 1982–2018

Han

2021

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Rainwater is an essential pathway to remove fine particulate matter and dissolved atmospheric pollutants (e.g., SO2, HNO3, and NH3). Acid rain (pH < 5.6) has been a severe environmental issue in China since the 1970s, adversely impacting ecosystem health. This study focuses on the influence of anthropogenically induced anions (SO42– and NO3–) and alkaline cations (Ca2+ and NH4+) on acid rain in Chinese cities. In this review, cities with high population density east of the Hu Huanyong Line that divides China geographically according to its uneven economic development were studied. Coastal and central areas of China to the east of the line are characterized by a much faster developing economy and rapid urbanization. The observed trends and spatial variability of acidity and chemical composition in rainwater are discussed in relation to industrialization and environmental changes in China. Over the past 3½ decades, the precipitation pH in the urban regions has exhibited reduced acidity. A mixed nitric–sulfuric acid rain type has become prominent due to the significant decrease in SO42– via desulfurization. Ca2+ levels have decreased, while NH4+ has increased slightly due to more vehicular transportation. In addition, the neutralization capacity of Ca2+ and NH4+ has decreased from north to south. Overall, the acid rain problem in Chinese cities has been alleviated in recent years.

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Section: Variation In Alkaline Abundances and Neutralizing Capacity 3mentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Far-past Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent-past Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A critical review of the variation in rainwater acidity in 24 Chinese cities during 1982–2018

Han

2021

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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“…AF(%) = 100 − SSF − CF (10) where SSF, CF, and AF represent the sea-salt fraction (SSF), crustal fraction (CF), and anthropogenic fraction (AF), respectively.…”

Section: Enrichment Factor (Ef) and Source Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Components and Sources of Acid Deposition in Northeast Asia: A Case Study of the Coastal and Metropolitan Cities in Northern Taiwan

et al. 2020

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In this study, temporal variations, major ion reference indexes, correlation analysis, and statistical data were used to investigate the chemical characteristics of the atmospheric pollutants in wet deposition and reasons for their formation, and further insight into the impact of local and regional atmospheric pollutant distributions on urban and coastal area environments. From November 2014 to October 2015, 158 rainwater samples were collected in coastal Wanli and urban Banqiao of southern Northeast Asia (northern Taiwan). The mean pH of the coastal and urban was 4.63 and 4.58, respectively, lower than the mean (5.31) of 10 East Asia regions during the year of 2015. This was possibly because the concentration of the combined SO42− and NO3− in the study area were greater than the mean of the 10 East Asian regions. This is verified by the calculation of sea-salt fraction (SSF) and non-SSF fraction (NSSF) in study areas, which indicated that Na+ and Cl− accounted for over 85% of the SSF, without Na+ in Banqiao, were mainly due to marine sources. For the NSSF, in addition to SO42− in Wanli, nearly 90% of wet disposition was from SO42− and NO3−, which were emitted from human activities. Furthermore, the analysis of fractional acidity (FA), neutralization factors (NF), neutralization potential (NP), and acidification potential (AP) revealed that acidified precipitation was caused by a lack of neutralizing compounds, which resulted in less neutralization of acidic precipitation. Finally, the results of correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that because coastal area were geographically closer to the ocean, wet deposition mainly comes from marine sources. However, in urban with a high population density and high traffic quantity, the ions in wet deposition primarily come from anthropogenic activities, such as industrial combustion and vehicle emissions.

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“…Additionally, rainwater, one important source of surface and ground water, also plays a significant role in hydrochemical dynamics (Polkowska et al, 2005;Ma et al, 2017). But most research only pays attention to sources of solutes in rainwater (Han and Liu, 2006;Lu et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012;Rao et al, 2017;Zhou et al, 2019); the dynamic variation of hydrochemistry among different waters (rainwater, throughfall, hillslope runoff, surface water, and groundwater) are rarely explored during rainstorms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical Dynamics and Response of Karst Catchment to Rainstorms in a Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), Southwest China

Qin

Ding

et al. 2020

Front. Water

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Karst water is vital for local drinking and irrigation but is susceptible to contamination. Hydrochemistry, which is highly related to carbonate weathering in karst catchments, can affect water quality and respond rapidly to climate change. In order to explore hydrogeochemical sources, dynamics, and their responses to rainstorms, rainwater, throughfall, hillslope runoff, surface water, and groundwater were sampled synchronously during rainstorms at a karst Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), Southwest China. Results showed that the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in throughfall increased by 30.1 ± 8.0% relative to rainwater, but both throughfall and rainwater contributed little to TDS in surface water and groundwater compared with terrestrial sources. Hydrochemistry in surface water and groundwater was diluted by rainstorms but displayed chemostatic responses with different intensities to increasing discharge. This is possibly regulated by hydrogeological conditions, available sources of various solutes, and the difference between solute concentrations before and after rainstorms. Ca2+ and Mg2+ dynamics were mainly regulated by carbonate weathering, gypsum dissolution, and gypsum-induced dedolomitization (geological sources), which also affect Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42- in deep confined groundwater draining a gypsum stratum. For HCO3-, CO2 from respiration and microbiologic activities is one dominant contributor, especially for spring. The chemostatic behaviors of NO3-, Cl−, and K+ were related to agricultural activities, especially in surface water. These controls on hydrochemistry may already exist as hillslope runoff occurs, which has be further demonstrated by principle component analysis (PCA). The heterogeneous permeability of epikarst can affect the mixture of groundwater from different sources and flowing pathways, enabling hydrochemistry at different hydrogeological conditions to display discrepant responses to rainstorms. The epikarst aquifer with high permeability is susceptible to changes in external environment, such as rainstorms and agricultural activities, increasing the potential risk of water environment problems (chronic pollution of nitrogen and high hardness of water) during a certain period. Drinking water safety thus deserves consideration in the agricultural karst catchment.

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Chemical composition of precipitation in Shenzhen, a coastal mega-city in South China: Influence of urbanization and anthropogenic activities on acidity and ionic composition

Cited by 59 publications

References 55 publications

A critical review of the variation in rainwater acidity in 24 Chinese cities during 1982–2018

A critical review of the variation in rainwater acidity in 24 Chinese cities during 1982–2018

Assessment of the Components and Sources of Acid Deposition in Northeast Asia: A Case Study of the Coastal and Metropolitan Cities in Northern Taiwan

Hydrogeochemical Dynamics and Response of Karst Catchment to Rainstorms in a Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), Southwest China

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