Chemical Composition of Xylopia aethiopica fruits

Evaluation of the mineral composition, phytochemical and proximate constituents of three culinary spices in Nigeria: a comparative study

“…This value is lower than a value of 13.82% obtained in this study. However, a value of 6.73% obtained by Imo et al 60 for X. aethiopica fruits does not agree with the 13.82% obtained in this study. This may be a result of differences in the solvent used for extraction or environmental factors.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the mineral composition of root extracts of R. beninensis. However, values reported for the levels of iron (2.41 mg/L, 2.73 mg/Kg, 2.65 mg/Kg), sodium (4.03 mg/L), copper (0.08 mg/L, 0.41 mg/Kg, 0.01 mg/Kg), Zinc (0.42 mg/L, 0.37 mg/Kg, 0.31 mg/Kg), and manganese (0.32 mg/L, 2.06 mg/Kg, 0.19 mg/Kg) for X.aethiopica and P.guineense from previous similar studies 60,65 were lower than the values obtained in this study. The discrepancies observed in values could be attributed to differences in methods employed during analysis, stage of maturity of the fruits/seeds before harvesting them, nature of the soil, and climatic factors of the geographical region where the spices were harvested.…”

“…Lasisi et al 59 reported that the spice is utilized as a tonic for children between the ages of two to three years and for the treatment of a diseased condition that makes the whole skin turn white (afun) in the South-Western region of Nigeria. Similarly, in X. aethiopica and P. guineense spices, the relatively high proportions of Iron have given a better understanding of their applications in the preparation of the renowned "pepper soup" for women immediately after delivery in several parts of Nigeria 60 . Thus, these studies affirm the haematinic attribute of the spices.…”

“…The discrepancies observed in values could be attributed to differences in methods employed during analysis, stage of maturity of the fruits/seeds before harvesting them, nature of the soil, and climatic factors of the geographical region where the spices were harvested. Contrarily, values of 60 .…”

Safety assessment of essential oils from Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) fruit from Nigeria

“…The dissimilarity in the extraction yield could be attributed to plant age, provenance, weather, soil conditions (in the cultivation of the spice), harvest time, and extraction technique, as well as the drying technique, employed in the processing of the essential oils 19,20 . Several previous studies on the chemical profile of the essential oils of X. aethiopica reported in Nigeria and within the West Africa sub-region show that the oils contain more than 70 different chemical compounds which can be divided into four chemical classes: monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 6,7,10,[21][22][23][24] . Zárybaický et al 25 communicated in a review that several of these monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes have demonstrated hepatotoxicity which were linked to reactive metabolite formation and increased oxidative stress.…”