Chemical Constituents and Toxicity Screening of Three Aromatic Plant Species from Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and treatments for various human illnesses. The chemical constituents and toxicity content of three aromatic plant species, Syzygium polyanthum Wight (Walp.), Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) J. Sinclair, and Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob, were determined, via gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS), and flame ionization detector (FID). Altogether, 116 compounds were identified in the essential oils and hexane and methanol extracts. Toxicity evaluations were carried out on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Three plant samples were found toxic to human PBMCs. The essential oils of M. marginalis and C. odorata, and the hexane extract of C. odorata yielded IC50 and LD50 values of 76 mg/mL and 6,913 mg/kg, 14 mg/mL and 3,684 mg/kg, and 2.45 mg/mL and 1,927 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the LD50 values, M. marginalis and C. odorata can be classified as slightly and moderately hazardous, respectively. A detailed toxicity evaluation via comet assay showed that M. marginalis and C. odorata induced significant DNA damage (p < 0.05). As for S. polyanthum, the species did not give any cytotoxic or genotoxic evidences.

Antihypertensive Assay-Guided Fractionation of Syzygium polyanthum Leaves and Phenolics Profile Analysis Using LCQTOF/ MS

“…It was observed that methanol gave the highest yield among the four extracts while hexane gave the lowest yield. In agreement with this finding, Jumaat et al 28 reported that their extraction with n-hexane, a solvent with a polarity index (P') of 0.1 gave low extraction yield as compared to methanol. Extraction with n-hexane is crucial to break down the cell wall which is coated with the non-polar phospholipids.…”

Comparison of Ethanol and Methanol Extracts of Bay Leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) in Terms of Vitamin C, Iron and Phytochemical Levels

“…The results of in vivo research with a duration of administration of bay leaf extract for 14 days at a dose of 2.2 mg can increase Hb levels by 2.4 g%, an amount of 4.4 mg by 1.55 g%, and a dose of 6.6 mg with an increase in Hb levels of 2.65 g% in Wistar strain mice, comparable to the standard treatment of blood supplemented tablets [13]. Bay leaves are safe for consumption because they are proven not to show toxic, teratogenicity, and genotoxic effects in experimental animal [14]. However, the micronutrient content in bay leaves extract is still unknown.…”

Mutagenicity and safety pharmacology of a standardized antidiabetic polyherbal formulation

“…Mutagenicity study of C. zeylanicum had also been done previously using the Ames and rec assay whereby the results showed no mutagenic effect either in the presence or absence of S9 in both assays 20 , 21 . As for S. polyanthum , the genotoxicity study of its extract was evaluated using a comet assay and the result showed no genotoxic effect that can cause DNA damage 22 . Meanwhile, an extract of C. xanthorrhiza was reported to show anti-mutagenic activity through the Ames assay 23 .…”