Chemical control of continuous light-steering using an array of gradient Au/Bi₂Se₃/Au strips

Abstract

Light-steering devices have been extensively investigated for a large host of applications in defense, communications, data storage and display technologies. However, the challenge is to continuously steer the light over a wide angular range in the optical region, using actively tunable structure with a small footprint. Here, we numerically demonstrate a gradient phase-array-like Au/Bi 2 Se 3 /Au trilayers plasmonic resonators for actively steering the beam in the near-infrared (N-IR) region. The proposed device provides a continuously large beam-steering of 18 for the reflected light and 9 for the transmitted light around the resonant wavelength of 1500 nm by changing the state of Bi 2 Se 3 from amorphous to crystalline. The essence of this phenomenon lies in the variation of refractive index of Bi 2 Se 3 induced by the phase transition, which is achieved through the chemical reactions between the Bi 2 Se 3 film and AgNO 3 solution. The continuous beam-steering is enabled by gradually increasing the immersion time (t im ) of the Bi 2 Se 3 into AgNO 3 solution. This study exploits a new research area of Bi 2 Se 3 based nanoantenna for dynamic optical routing and switching in photonic circuits.

High-Gain and Circularly Polarized Fractal Antenna Array for Dedicated Short Range Communication Systems

“…The gain of the antenna can be further improved by considering an array topology [2,14]. The main drawbacks of the array are their large size and complex feed network [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. In an array network, power divider is essential to distribute the power with equal amplitude and phase to each element of the array.…”

“…The antenna arrays are most suitable for the applications which require beam-shaping and beam-steering of the radiation pattern, like in RADAR and satellite communication systems. Many techniques have been presented in literature [22][23][24] for antenna beam-steering with help of different materials. In [23], the authors introduced the tri-layer strips to continuously steer the direction of the incident light.…”

“…Many techniques have been presented in literature [22][23][24] for antenna beam-steering with help of different materials. In [23], the authors introduced the tri-layer strips to continuously steer the direction of the incident light. The optimization of the nonuniform linear array antenna was presented in [26].…”

Improved performance of optical phased arrays assisted by transparent graphene nanoheaters and air trenches

“…Recently, T. Cao et al theoretically simulated arrays of gradient Au/Bi 2 Se 3 /Au nanostructures and other metamaterials and achieved continuous beam steering of 18°. 2–6 However, these exciting results require further experimental research before industrial applications. Optical phased arrays (OPAs) based on arrayed waveguides fabricated via CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology have been considered as one of the most promising technologies to realize solid-state LIDAR system due to their acceptable beam steering angle and potentially reduced cost.…”