Chemical Cues That Indicate Risk of Predation

Wisenden, Brian D.

doi:10.1002/9781118794739.ch6

Cited by 47 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…This association allows prey to detect predators and execute antipredator responses (Magurran, 1989;Chivers, Smith, 1998;Ferrari et al, 2010;Wisenden, 2015). Experience or 5 e160036 [5] learning may be involved in cross-species responses to alarm signals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detection of predator odor by the prey allow them to evade predators from a distance or predators waiting in ambush (Ferrari et al, 2010). A second class of pre-attack chemical information comes from chemicals, essentially urinary ammonia (Wisenden, 2015), released by startled or disturbed prey and are referred as conspecific odor. A third class of cues is damaged-released alarm cues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Damaged epidermal tissues leak chemical compounds that are released in no other context and thus reliably advertise the presence of an actively foraging predator (Wisenden, 2015). All major groups of aquatic organisms, from protists to amphibians, show antipredator responses to alarm cues released from injured conspecifics (Wisenden, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conspecific and heterospecific alarm substances induce behavioral responses in juvenile catfish Rhamdia quelen

et al. 2017

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The recognition of chemical information indicating the presence of a predator is very important for prey survival. In this study we tested antipredator behavioral response of juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) against predator odor released by two different potential predators, Hoplias malabaricus and the snake Helicops infrataeniatus, and alarm cues and disturbance cues released by conspecifics and by non-predator species, Megaleporinus obtusidens and Astyanax lacustris. We used juvenile catfish that were naive to predators. The trials consisted of a 10-min prestimulus and a 10-min post-stimulus observation period. The behavioral response displayed by silver catfish exposed to alarm cues comprised a decrease in shelter use and an increase in locomotion, and also a longer latency period before feeding. Our results showed that juvenile silver catfish can perceive chemical cues released by predators, heterospecifics and conspecifics.Keywords: Alarm cues, Anti-predator behavior, Disturbance cues, Predator odor, Skin extract.O reconhecimento das informações químicas indicando a presença de predadores é muito importante para a sobrevivência da presa. Neste estudo foi testada a resposta comportamental anti-predação de juvenis de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) a substâncias liberadas por dois predadores potenciais, Hoplias malabaricus e a cobra Helicops infrataeniatus, e substâncias de alarme liberadas por conspecíficos e pelas espécies não predadoras Megaleporinus obtusidens e Astyanax lacustris. Foram usados juvenis de jundiá que não possuíam nenhum contato prévio com predadores. Os testes consistiram em observações de períodos de 10 minutos pré estímulo e 10 minutos pós estímulo. As respostas comportamentais apresentadas pelos jundiás expostos às substâncias de alarme consistiram em diminuição no uso do abrigo, aumento na locomoção e também um longo período de latência antes de ingerir o alimento. Os resultados demonstram que juvenis de jundiá percebem substâncias químicas liberadas por predadores, heterospecíficos e conspecíficos. Palavras-chave:Comportamento anti-predador, Extrato de pele, Odor do predador, Sinais de alarme, Sinais de perturbação.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conspecific and heterospecific alarm substances induce behavioral responses in juvenile catfish Rhamdia quelen

et al. 2017

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“…In aquatic ecosystems, chemical cues mediate predator–prey interactions, informing prey about the presence of predation risk, the identity and diet of predators and a rich array of variables correlated with risk that prey learn and use to avoid future exposure to predation risk (Ferrari et al ., ; Kelley & Magurran, ; Wisenden, ). When a predator attacks a fish, chemical alarm cues released from damaged epidermal tissue reliably indicate the presence of an actively foraging predator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactorily‐mediated cortisol response to chemical alarm cues in zebrafish Danio rerio

Barkhymer

Garrett

Wisenden

2018

Journal of Fish Biology

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Chemical cues released as a by‐product of predation mediate antipredator behaviour, but little is known about the physiological responses to olfactory detection of predation risk. In this study, zebrafish Danio rerio were exposed to either chemical alarm cues from conspecifics, or water (control). Compared with water controls, D. rerio exposed to alarm cues responded behaviourally with antipredator behaviours such as erratic dashing and an increase in time spent near the bottom of the test aquarium. Danio rerio were sacrificed 5 min after exposure to test cues (alarm cues or water). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed whole‐body levels of cortisol that were significantly higher for fish exposed to alarm cues (mean ± SE, 11.9 ± 3.4 ng g−1) than control fish (1.5 ± 0.7 ng g−1). These data provide a benchmark for future studies of the proximate mechanisms of olfactorily mediated antipredator responses, modelling effects on aquatic life in a changing climate and, as a model organism, Danio rerio can further our understanding of anxiety in humans.

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“…In addition to their direct effects on prey behaviour, alarm cues serve as the unconditioned stimulus for forming associations between risk and predator odour (conditioned stimulus) and other correlates of alarm cue release (Suboski, ). Taken together, the ways in which fish use chemical information to assess risk have spawned a rich literature (for recent reviews see Ferrari et al., ; Wisenden, ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for incipient alarm signalling in fish

Wisenden

2019

Journal of Animal Ecology

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In Focus: Bairos‐Novak, K.R., Ferrari, M.C.O., & Chivers, D.P. (2019). A novel alarm signal in aquatic prey: Familiar minnows coordinate group defences against predators through chemical disturbance cues. Journal of Animal Ecology, 88, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12986. Chemicals released during predation have long been studied as cues to nearby prey that predators are active in the vicinity. Until now, these chemicals have been labelled as cues because there was no compelling evidence for the necessary components of a communication system, namely (a) voluntary control of release of information, (b) capacity for graded responses and (c) the presence of specialized structures for the production and release of the signal. New findings by Bairos‐Novak, Ferrari, and Chivers (2019) show that fathead minnows alter the potency of disturbance “cues” when in the presence of other fathead minnows compared to when they are alone and produce either more or different disturbance “cues” when in the presence of familiar conspecifics compared to when they are in the presence of unfamiliar conspecifics. The behavioural response to these cues is shoaling, which would confer fitness benefits to the sender, thereby qualifying as a signal rather than a cue. This is a significant advancement in the field of chemical ecology of aquatic organisms because disturbance “cues” by fathead minnows bear two of the three hallmarks of an incipient disturbance “signal”.

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Chemical Cues That Indicate Risk of Predation

Cited by 47 publications

References 91 publications

Conspecific and heterospecific alarm substances induce behavioral responses in juvenile catfish Rhamdia quelen

Conspecific and heterospecific alarm substances induce behavioral responses in juvenile catfish Rhamdia quelen

Olfactorily‐mediated cortisol response to chemical alarm cues in zebrafish Danio rerio

Evidence for incipient alarm signalling in fish

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