Chemical Differentiation and Quality Evaluation of Commercial Asian and American Ginsengs based on a UHPLC–QTOF/MS/MS Metabolomics Approach

Zhao

Journal of Ginseng Research

et al. 2017

Self Cite

BackgroundAsian ginseng and American ginseng are functional foods that share a close genetic relationship and are well-known worldwide. This article aims to investigate the correlation between morphological characteristics and the inherent quality of Asian and American ginsengs.MethodsIn this study, an ultra-HPLC–quadrupole/time-of-flight MS (UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS) method was established for the quantitative analysis of 45 ginseng samples. The method developed for determination was precise and accurate.ResultsThe results showed that Asian ginseng samples with the same growing time (with the same or similar number of stem scars) that had a thinner main root, a longer rhizome and more branch roots contained greater amounts of ginsenosides. For American ginseng, two tendencies were observed in the relationship between the diameter of the main root and contents of ginsenosides. One tendency was that samples with thinner main roots tended to contain higher levels of ginsenosides, which was observed in the samples sold under the commercial name pao-shen. Another tendency was that samples with thicker main roots contained higher contents of ginsenosides, which was observed in the samples sold under the commercial name pao-mian, as well as in samples of American ginseng cultivated in Jilin, China.ConclusionAn approach using ultra-HPLC–quadrupole/time-of-flight MS was successfully established to link morphology and active components for evaluating the quality of Asian and American ginsengs. Clear correlation between visible morphological features and quality of Asian and American ginsengs was found. People can see the difference; this means consumers and vendors can evaluate ginseng by themselves.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of ginsenosides in Asian and American ginsengs by liquid chromatography–quadrupole/time-of-flight MS: assessing variations based on morphological characteristics

Zhao

Journal of Ginseng Research

et al. 2017

Self Cite

“…In recent metabolomics study, most of which have focused on chemical markers and quality control between Asian ginseng and American ginseng21222324. This work provides new insight into different metabolome disturbance in urine along with a four-week administration of Asian ginseng and American ginseng coupling the GC-MS platform which presents unique strengths of high sensitivity, reproducibility and available spectral libraries25.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct urine metabolome after Asian ginseng and American ginseng intervention based on GC-MS metabolomics approach

Yang

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products worldwide. Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) show different properties and medicinal applications in pharmacology, even though the main active constituents of them are both thought to be ginsenosides. Metabolomics is a promising method to profile entire endogenous metabolites and monitor their fluctuations related to exogenous stimulus. Herein, an untargeted metabolomics approach was applied to study the overall urine metabolic differences between Asian ginseng and American ginseng in mice. Metabolomics analyses were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) together with multivariate statistical data analysis. A total of 21 metabolites related to D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, TCA cycle and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, differed significantly under the Asian ginseng treatment; 34 metabolites mainly associated with glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, TCA cycle and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, were significantly altered after American ginseng treatment. Urinary metabolomics reveal that Asian ginseng and American ginseng can benefit organism physiological and biological functions via regulating multiple metabolic pathways. The important pathways identified from Asian ginseng and American ginseng can also help to explore new therapeutic effects or action targets so as to broad application of these two ginsengs.

“…Cui, Wu, Wang, and Wang () have used GC‐MS and the electronic nose to investigate Asian and American ginseng, which were scattered significantly in both plots (Cui et al, ). It had reported that Asian ginsengs were divided into two groups by OPLS‐DA and PCA, and these classifications meet their specifications as “forest ginseng” or “sun‐dried ginseng.” It indicated that some differences exist in the chemical profiles of the two groups (Chen et al, ). PCA analysis showed that the quality of AR‐5M, AR‐5R and AR‐4R was mostly similar to that of native ginseng.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality evaluation of Panax ginseng adventitious roots based on ginsenoside constituents, functional genes, and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power

et al. 2019

In the study, six adventitious root lines of Panax ginseng have been successfully established. HPLC‐ESI‐MS analysis showed that 20 ginsenosides were identified in root lines, notoginsenoside Fa and notoginsenoside R2 were not found in AR lines. In AR lines, the highest accumulation of total ginsenosides was obtained in five‐year main AR (24.87 mg/g). Principal component analysis classified root lines into three groups. Five‐year ginseng was mostly similar with five‐year main AR, five‐year rootlet AR, and four‐year rootlet AR in ginsenosides composition of group 1. Besides, gene expressions were consistent with the production of total ginsenosides, and correlation analysis revealed that total ginsenosides biosynthesis was significantly positively correlated with the gene expression of dammarenediol synthase. Five‐year rootlet AR showed the highest activity on ferric‐reducing antioxidant power test among samples. It provides a scientific evidence for the further exploitation and large‐scale production of P. ginseng. Practical applications This study provides valuable information for the commercial scale culture of ginseng adventitious roots. This report combines morphology, ginsenoside composition and content, gene expression, and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power test to evaluate the quality of P. ginseng adventitious root, and combined with principal component analysis to screen out the high yield and stable ginseng adventitious roots. It would be profitable to use adventitious root culture of P. ginseng instead of field cultivation.