Chemical Diversity of Volatiles From Parents, Rootstock and Atemoya Hybrid

Abstract

Hybridization promotes the transfer of genetic material from parental species to the hybrid, which can be closely related to one of its parental species or present new features that provide them higher competitivity concerning other chemical phenotype comparing to its parents. On the other hand, grafting technique, in which occurs the combination between two species, also may lead to changes in the volatile profile of terpenes at the grafted plant. The objective of this research was to characterize the chemical profile of volatile compounds in leaves of atemoya hybrid (Annona × Atemoya) (Mobb.), its male and female parents (Annona squamosa Mill. and Annona cherimola L.), as well as its common rootstock (Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer var. “Terra-fria”). Leaf samples from atemoya, its parents and the rootstock were collected in São Bento do Sapucaí and Santa Fé do Sul, São Paulo state, Brazil. Volatile substances were obtained by microextraction solid phase (SPME). Chemical profile of volatile compounds was determined and identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Atemoya hybrid presented substances also found in both parents and rootstock, with a variation on the relative percentage of compounds. Such variation allowed to form three clusters, where I was comprised by the hybrid, II comprised by A. cherimola, and the latter, III, grouping the rootstock and the male parent. We concluded that hybridization and grafting influence production of terpenes in atemoya hybrid (Annona × Atemoya).

Nitrogen in the defense system of Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer

“…The cultivation of Annona emarginata revealed trans -caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, and γ-gurjunene, synthesized on the same route [68]. These substances have bactericidal activity [31,69,70] and may contribute to the defense of the species. We found a higher relative percentage of trans -caryophyllene when the plants are younger (150 DBT) and a higher relative percentage of bicyclogermacrene and γ-gurjunene when the plants are older (206 DBT).…”

Chemophenetics as a Tool for Distinguishing Morphotypes of Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer

“…These authors found a majority percentage of sesquiterpenes in young plants of A. emarginata ‘terra‐fria’ – collected in 2012 –, with the major substance being the compound E‐caryophyllene. Recently, Campos et al [25] . observed that sesquiterpenes (particularly caryophyllene), even with intraspecific variations, remain as the major components (up to 80 %) in plants grown with different levels of nitrogen.…”

“…The capture of leaf volatiles (0.250 g) was carried out using a solid phase microextraction in headspace mode (HS‐SPME), with an SPME Fiber Assembly [75 μm of carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS)], as described by Campos et al [25] …”

“…[24] These authors found a majority percentage of sesquiterpenes in young plants of A. emarginata 'terrafria' -collected in 2012 -, with the major substance being the compound E-caryophyllene. Recently, Campos et al [25] observed that sesquiterpenes (particularly caryophyllene), even with intraspecific variations, remain as the major components (up to 80 %) in plants grown with different levels of nitrogen. These observations suggest that a good part of the profile is constant and independent of the time of harvest, the time of the year, and the influence of its habitat (soil and climate conditions).…”

“…The capture of leaf volatiles (0.250 g) was carried out using a solid phase microextraction in headspace mode (HS-SPME), with an SPME Fiber Assembly [75 μm of carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS)], as described by Campos et al [25] . The chemical composition of the volatile components extracted from the leaves was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GS-MS), in Shimadzu equipment (model QP-5000) operating with electron impact (70 eV), with a capillary column of fused silica DB-5 (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm), carrier gas helium (1.0 mL min À 1 ), injector at 220 °C, transfer line at 240 °C and split ratio 1 : 20.…”