Chemical Evaluation of Electronic Cigarettes: Multicomponent Analysis of Liquid Refills and their Corresponding Aerosols

Beauval, Nicolas; Anthérieu, Sébastien; Soyez, M.; Gengler, Nicolas; Grova, Nathalie; Howsam, Michael; Hardy, Emilie; Fischer, M.; Appenzeller, Brice; Goossens, Jean‐François; Allorge, Delphine; Garçon, Guillaume; Lo-Guidice, Jean-Marc; Garat, Anne

doi:10.1093/jat/bkx054

Cited by 93 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…For studies reporting data in the form of plots (Mikheev et al 2016;Williams et al 2015), we used automated software tools to infer the underlying mean (SD) values [Origin (version 9.0; OriginLab Corporation)]. For studies that reported metal/metalloid levels for individual samples but not the mean (SD) (Beauval et al 2016(Beauval et al , 2017, we calculated the mean (SD). If metal/metalloid levels were below the limit of detection (LOD) and the study reported the original data but not the mean (SD), we replaced values below the LOD by LOD= p 2 before calculating the mean (SD) (Beauval et al 2016(Beauval et al , 2017Kamilari et al 2018;Margham et al 2016;Song et al 2018;Tayyarah and Long 2014).…”

Section: Metal/metalloid Data Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For studies that reported metal/metalloid levels for individual samples but not the mean (SD) (Beauval et al 2016(Beauval et al , 2017, we calculated the mean (SD). If metal/metalloid levels were below the limit of detection (LOD) and the study reported the original data but not the mean (SD), we replaced values below the LOD by LOD= p 2 before calculating the mean (SD) (Beauval et al 2016(Beauval et al , 2017Kamilari et al 2018;Margham et al 2016;Song et al 2018;Tayyarah and Long 2014). For studies reporting the mean (SD) for multiple groups (e.g., by nicotine levels, by different flavors) (Goniewicz et al 2014;Kamilari et al 2018;Talio et al 2015Talio et al , 2017Tayyarah and Long 2014), we calculated the weighted mean and total SD to facilitate summary and comparison across studies and device types after confirming there were no major differences across flavors and nicotine levels.…”

Section: Metal/metalloid Data Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total SD was estimated because it accounts for the SD within the groups as well as among the groups (Sharma 2006). For some studies, there were insufficient data to estimate the SD because only means were reported, with no estimation of variability around those point estimates (Beauval et al 2017;Dunbar et al 2018;Margham et al 2016;Palazzolo et al 2017;Song et al 2018;Williams et al 2013;Williams et al 2017;Zhao et al 2018). The study by Olmedo et al (2018) reported medians instead of means (SDs) in the original publication, but we calculated them directly from the original data.…”

Section: Metal/metalloid Data Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies of e-liquids reported metals/metalloids in micrograms per kilogram. For easy comparison, for studies reporting e-liquid metal/metalloid levels in micrograms per liter (Beauval et al 2017;Hess et al 2017;Palazzolo et al 2017;Talio et al 2015Talio et al , 2017Zhao et al 2018) and parts per billion (ppb) (Beauval et al 2016;Dunbar et al 2018;Song et al 2018), those concentrations were converted to micrograms per kilogram, assuming the e-liquid density was 1:16 g=ml (Sleiman et al 2016). Most studies of aerosols reported metals/metalloids in ng per puff.…”

Section: Metal/metalloid Data Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is increasing evidence, however, on the toxicity of e-cigarettes to the lungs and other organs and systems (Dinakar and O'Connor 2016;Layden et al 2019;NASEM 2018). Numerous studies, moreover, have measured elevated levels of toxic organic and inorganic chemicals in e-cigarette liquid (Beauval et al 2017;Dunbar et al 2018;Kamilari et al 2018;Palazzolo et al 2017;Song et al 2018) and aerosols (Goniewicz et al 2014;Klager et al 2017;Mikheev et al 2016;Tayyarah and Long 2014;Williams et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metal/Metalloid Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Aerosols, and Human Biosamples: A Systematic Review

Zhao

Aravindakshan

Hilpert

et al. 2020

Environ Health Perspect

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BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become popular, in part because they are perceived as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes. An increasing number of studies, however, have found toxic metals/metalloids in e-cigarette emissions. OBJECTIVE: We summarized the evidence on metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid), aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users across e-cigarette device systems to evaluate metal/metalloid exposure levels for e-cigarette users and the potential implications on health outcomes. METHODS: We searched PubMed/TOXLINE, Embase ® , and Web of Science for studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users. For metal/metalloid levels in e-liquid and aerosol samples, we collected the mean and standard deviation (SD) if these values were reported, derived mean and SD by using automated software to infer them if data were reported in a figure, or calculated the overall mean (mean ± SD) if data were reported only for separate groups. Metal/metalloid levels in e-liquids and aerosols were converted and reported in micrograms per kilogram and nanograms per puff, respectively, for easy comparison. RESULTS: We identified 24 studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and human biosamples of e-cigarette users. Metal/metalloid levels, including aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, tin, and zinc, were present in e-cigarette samples in the studies reviewed. Twelve studies reported metal/metalloid levels in e-liquids (bottles, cartridges, open wick, and tank), 12 studies reported metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette aerosols (from cig-a-like and tank devices), and 4 studies reported metal/metalloid levels in human biosamples (urine, saliva, serum, and blood) of e-cigarette users. Metal/metalloid levels showed substantial heterogeneity depending on sample type, source of e-liquid, and device type. Metal/metalloid levels in e-liquid from cartridges or tank/open wicks were higher than those from bottles, possibly due to coil contact. Most metal/metalloid levels found in biosamples of e-cigarette users were similar or higher than levels found in biosamples of conventional cigarette users, and even higher than those found in biosamples of cigar users. CONCLUSION: E-cigarettes are a potential source of exposure to metals/metalloids. Differences in collection methods and puffing regimes likely contribute to the variability in metal/metalloid levels across studies, making comparison across studies difficult. Standardized protocols for the quantification of metal/metalloid levels from e-cigarette samples are needed. https://doi.

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Section: Metal/metalloid Data Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metal/metalloid Data Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metal/metalloid Data Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metal/metalloid Data Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metal/Metalloid Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Aerosols, and Human Biosamples: A Systematic Review

Zhao

Aravindakshan

Hilpert

et al. 2020

Environ Health Perspect

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Composition of e‐cigarette aerosols: A review and risk assessment of selected compounds

Heywood,

Abele,

Langenbach

et al. 2024

J of Applied Toxicology

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The potential harms and benefits of e‐cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), have received significant attention from public health and regulatory communities. Such products may provide a reduced risk means of nicotine delivery for combustible cigarette smokers while being inappropriately appealing to nicotine naive youth. Numerous authors have examined the chemical complexity of aerosols from various open‐ and closed‐system ENDS. This body of literature is reviewed here, with the risks of ENDS aerosol exposure among users evaluated with a margin of exposure (MoE) approach for two non‐carcinogens (methylglyoxal, butyraldehyde) and a cancer risk analysis for the carcinogen N‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN). We identified 96 relevant papers, including 17, 13, and 5 reporting data for methylglyoxal, butyraldehyde, and NNN, respectively. Using low‐end (minimum aerosol concentration, low ENDS use) and high‐end (maximum aerosol concentration, high ENDS use) assumptions, estimated doses for methylglyoxal (1.78 × 10−3–135 μg/kg‐bw/day) and butyraldehyde (1.9 × 10−4–66.54 μg/kg‐bw/day) corresponded to MoEs of 227–17,200,000 and 271–280,000,000, respectively, using identified points of departure (PoDs). Doses of 9.90 × 10−6–1.99 × 10−4 μg/kg‐bw/day NNN corresponded to 1.4–28 surplus cancers per 100,000 ENDS users, relative to a NNN‐attributable surplus of 7440 per 100,000 cigarette smokers. It was concluded that methylglyoxal and butyraldehyde in ENDS aerosols, while not innocuous, did not present a significant risk of irritant effects among ENDS users. The carcinogenic risks of NNN in ENDS aerosols were reduced, but not eliminated, relative to concentrations reported in combustible cigarette smoke.

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Nicotine and Vape: Drugs of the Same Profile Flock Together

Otenaike,

Farodoye,

de Silva

et al. 2024

J Biochem & Molecular Tox

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Smoking, a major behavioral health burden, causes preventable and premature deaths globally. Nicotine, the addictive component present in tobacco products and Electronic cigarettes (E‐cigarettes, vape), can bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain to trigger a dopamine release that reinforces smoking. Despite the widespread usage of nicotine, its mechanisms of toxicity, particularly in e‐cigarettes, are poorly understood. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, this study aims to investigate the mechanism of the toxicity of nicotine and vape. Behavioral parameters, oxidative stress indicators, mRNA expression levels of Dopamine 1‐ receptor 1 (Dop1R1), Acetyl‐coenzyme A synthetase (AcCoAs), and apoptotic proteins were assessed in the flies after a 5‐day exposure to varying concentrations of nicotine (0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 mg/mL diet) and vape (0.06, 0.08, and 0.12 mg/mL diet). Furthermore, Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and Gas Chromatography‐Flame Ionization Detection (GC/FID) analyzes were conducted to gain more insight on the composition of the vape used in study. Findings indicate that both nicotine and vape exposure significantly reduced lifespan, impaired locomotor activity, and disrupted sleep patterns. Notably, nicotine exposure stimulated Dop1R1 transcription and altered Acetyl‐CoA gene expression, impacting the viability and behavior of the flies. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen biomarkers were observed, contributing to cellular damage through oxidative stress and apoptotic mechanisms mediated by the Reaper and DIAP1 proteins. Additionally, the composition analysis of vape liquid revealed the presence of propylene glycol, nicotine, methyl esters, and an unidentified compound. This study highlights the complex interplay between nicotine, gene expression, and physiological responses in Drosophila.

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Chemical Evaluation of Electronic Cigarettes: Multicomponent Analysis of Liquid Refills and their Corresponding Aerosols

Cited by 93 publications

References 34 publications

Metal/Metalloid Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Aerosols, and Human Biosamples: A Systematic Review

Metal/Metalloid Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Aerosols, and Human Biosamples: A Systematic Review

Composition of e‐cigarette aerosols: A review and risk assessment of selected compounds

Nicotine and Vape: Drugs of the Same Profile Flock Together

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